Neurotransmission
Experimental Techniques
Fear & Extinction
LTP & Learning
Lectures 8 & 9
100
What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Glutamate
100
Name one excitatory and inhibitory rhodopsin used in optogenetics
Channelrhodopsin, and Halorhodopsin
100
Name one critical GABAergic neuron in extinction circuit
ITC-b
100
The saying "fire together, wire together" refers to this type of learning
Hebbian Learning
100
Famous quote that describes bird song learning by Peter Marler
Instinct to learn
200
Major difference between the AMPA receptor and NMDA receptor
NMDA receptor has a Mg2+ plug
200
Name the experiment paradigm that tests if mice use egocentric vs allocentric rule to solve the task
cross maze
200
Name one measure to test fear conditioning
% freezing
200
Name the procedure used for LTP induction
Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS)
200
Name one behavioral evidence for LTP importance for learning and memory
APV in HPC hinders Morris water maze spatial learning
300
The main ion associated with the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and what the neurotransmitter is
Chloride ions (Cl-) and GABA
300
Name a finding from the Morris Water Maze task that indicates improved or strong learning/memory.
1. Decreasing escape latency
2. High amount of time searching in the target quadrant in a probe test
300
Name three findings that test against the Associative Loss Hypothesis
1. Spontaneous recovery
2. Renewal
3. Reinstatement
300
Name the antagonists for AMPA and NMDA
CNQX(AMPA) and APV(NMDA)
300
Name the neural activity measure that was first used to investigate bird song learning in lecture
Immediate early gene expression (IEG)
400
What is driving the depolarization of the indicated portion on the action potential curve (3)?
Activation of the voltage-gated Na+ channels, causing an influx of Na+ ions.
400
Name three methods that can target and manipulate specific brain activity
DREADDs, Optogenetics, Electrical Stimulation
400
Parse out the experiment: "mice learned to freeze after tone is paired with shock" in Pavlovian scientific terms
US: shock
CS: tone
UR: freezing
400
Which receptor is needed for the induction but NOT the activation of LTP? and what 2 things are needed to activate that receptor?
NMDA receptors
1. Glutamate release
2. Post-synaptic cell depolarization
400
What are two distinct pathways involved in bird song behaviors
Anterior Forebrain--involved in learning but not production
Motor pathway--required for production
500
What happens in presynaptic terminal before the fusion of vesicle to membrane to enable neurotransmitter release
Ca2+ ion inflow
500
Name six behavioral tests for memory that we have covered in this course
1. inhibitory avoidance
2. delayed non-match to sample
3. match to sample
4. morris water maze
5. cross maze
6. fear conditioning
500
Explain the difference between fear extinction in adult vs neonate/baby rats.
Extinction in Adults: new learning that competes with the fear circuit in the amygdala
Extinction in Baby: flexible perineuronal nets cause them to actually forget/erase fear connection
500
Compare the effects of blocked AMPA vs blocked NMDA in LTP paradigm
During induction, both eliminate LTP
During expression, blocking NMDA does not erase LTP; blocking AMPA hinders expression of synaptic activity, but LTP is still present when AMPA is unblocked.
500
Two behavioral evidence that shows how subunits of one receptor is important for learning
GluN1 knockout impairs memory
GluN2B overexpression makes doogie mouse