Background
In the USA, how long does it take for new treatments to be delivered within every day practice?
15-20 years
What group does Medicaid provide for?
People who are very low income
What is a placebo?
A treatment that is not designed to have a specific effect. Any effect of the treatment that arises is due to the patient’s expectations.
What is randomization?
A ‘coin toss’ to assign patients to one or more groups (happens after participants have been assessed for eligibility but before the intervention to be studied begins)
What is the key conclusion from Rodriguez-Seijas et al., 2019?
We need to pay attention to diversity within marginalized groups; many individuals have multiple marginalized identities
In the USA, in any 12-month-period, what percent of people have a mental illness?
27%
What group does Medicare provide for?
People over age 65
What kinds of services does the Berkeley Library provide?
Databases, interlibrary loan, workshops (e.g., Zotero), appointments with librarians, virtual chat with librarians
Why is random allocation of participants to different treatments important?
Reduces selection bias, permits use of probability theory, blinding
Vollestead et al., 2012 discuss MABTs as a treatment for what kinds of disorders?
Anxiety disorders
In what decade did scientific validation of treatments for mental illness begin?
1950s
What is the purpose of the ACA (list the 2 main goals covered in lecture)?
1. Improve access to affordable health insurance (i.e., increase access to care) 2. Create coverage that is more affordable to those who are already insured
What is considered the gold standard for clinical trials?
Randomized control trials (RCTs)
What is CONSORT (as in what is its function)?
Provides a checklist of essential items that should be included in reports of RCTs
Why is preregistration of studies important (Chan et al., 2017)?
It helps identify and deter selective reporting of outcomes
In which decades were EBPTs developed?
1960s and 1970s
In world rankings, where does the U.S. fall for life expectancy?
29th
What is the difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis?
Meta-analyses are quantitative; systematic reviews are qualitative
What does CONSORT stand for?
Consolidated standards of reporting trial
Top clinical psychology journals do not appear to be the primary outlets for necessary work on MH disparities among minoritized groups (Adams & Miller, 2021). What can be done to prevent discrimination against these articles?
1. Make editorial boards more diverse
2. Prioritize funding to assess mechanisms driving MH disparities
3. Prioritize publishing studies that address mechanisms of MH disparities in top journals
Poverty and mental health challenges have a bidirectional association. What does this mean?
Poverty contributes to mental health challenges, and mental health challenges contribute to poverty
In world rankings, where does the U.S. fall for infant mortality?
33rd/38th
What happens when treatments are given to patients without using the scientific approach?
1. Drives people to pursue unnecessary treatment
2. People spend money on unproven products
3. Distracts scientists or monopolizes funding
What is the purpose of CONSORT? List 3 purposes
1. Improves the clarity and transparency of published trials
2. Helps researchers in designing future trials
3. Guide peer-reviewers and editors in their evaluations of manuscripts
What are 2 examples of selectively reported outcomes (Heneghan et al., 2017)?
1. Publication bias (i.e., trials with negative outcomes are often not published) 2. Reporting bias (i.e., a study has been published but measures that were analyzed and weren’t significant or perhaps were in the wrong direction were not included in the publication