memory
Clive wearing had what impairment of memory
Episodic
If I tell you a list of 5 things and you remember the first thing, what it is called and why did you remember it
Primacy effect, and because it was rehearsed into long term memory
What are the two types of amnesia
anterograde and retrograde
What is the differnce between defining features and characteristic features
Defining features are necessary and sufficient for category membership Characteristics features are those common but not essential for category membership
What is a cognate
a word that is the same in two languages a bilingual speaks
Name the stages of memory in order and what they do
Encoding: Learning new information; forming new “memory trace” as a neural code Storage: Retaining encoded memory trace/ neural code
Retrieval: Activating a memory trace via a cue (probe for that memory) for a purpose
What are the two theories about forgetting
Decay Theory: Memories are lost over time due to disuse
Interference theory: Interference is responsible for much of forgetting
Tariq has been dating Haleigh for 3 weeks, but when someone asks him who he is dating he says he is dating Ashleigh (his ex). What is happening to Tariq?
He is experiencing proactive interference
Concepts are represented by ...
Similarity
What are the two thoughts about how language and though interact
Linguistic Universalists Language and thought are independent
Linguistic Relativity Language and thought are interconnected
Name 3 types of sensory memory
Gustatory memo, Olfactory memory, Echoic memory, Haptic memory, Iconic memory
These type of memories are not reccurent recordings of events but tend to have strong emotional ties to them
Flashbulb memories
Name the 3 types of implciit memory
Procedural memory, priming, classical conditioning- emotional response skeletal musculature
There are 3 levels for concept organization name them and describe their attributes
Basic- general and specific
superordinate- most general
subordinate- most specific
Name the two types of dyslexia and how they read
Surface dyslexia- reads letter by letter
phonoligical dyslexia-reads whole words- essentially memorizes them
Name two memory effects and how they affect memory
Rashomon effect: memories are reconstructions so everyone has a different view of them
Misinformation effect: leading questions can cause false memory formation
misattribution effectL retrieving familiar info from the wrong source, or falilrue in source monitoring
False memories:A familiar feeling can lead to incorrect associations 2. Details can be added to memories during retrieval
Semantic dementia starts with neuro degeneration, where is it?
left anterior temporal lobe
When know that memory depends on how something is learned and tested, what is it called when memory performance is better when the cognitive processes engaged during retrieval match the cognitive processes that were engaged when the material was encoded
Transfer appropriate processing
What two theories of organization are based on similarity, and explain them
Exemplar:Every instance of a category is stored in memory
Prototype:Each category has an abstracted prototype that is pre-stored in memory
name the four building blocks of language and their function
Phonemes: smallest linguistic unit /d/, /o/, /g/ • English has a few dozen phonemes to produce morphemes
Morphemes and Words: the smallest meaningful units of language /dog/
Syntax: rules that govern how words are arranged in a sentences
Semantics: the meaning
Name the subcomponents of working memory and what makes them up
The phonological loop: Phonological store: Passive store for verbal information Articulatory control loop: Active rehearsal of verbal information
Visuospatial sketchpad: The visual cache: Information about visual features The inner scribe: Information about spatial location, movement and sequences
Central executive: attentional control system
Long term memory has three subcomponents what are they and say what they do
Anoetic Consciousness -Implicit Memory-No awareness or personal engagement
Noetic Consciousness- Semantic Memory-Awareness but no personal engagement
Autonoetic Consciousness-Episodic Memory- Awareness AND personal engagement
What did the War of Ghost experiment show and how
it showed that schemas impact the way we remember information and how we will change a story with multiple retrievals and it was shown by how hunting seals in the story became about fishing
How is knowledge stored in the brain and what system does it use
Knowledge is stored as sensorimotor neural representations and by using a symbol system
Name two aphasia and describe what they are and where they affect the brain and one paraphasia
Conduction aphasia: arcuate fascilus is affected- impaired repetition
Wernicke's aphasia: posterior superior temporal lobe- language is not meaningful or comprehensible
Broca's aphasia: left inferior frontal gyrus- impaired production and articulation- uses mostly nouns and verbs
Paraphasia
Verbal: substituting a word with something semantically-related • Shares meaning with intended word • Swapping term brother with sister
Phonemic (literal): swapping or adding speech sounds • Shares sounds with intended word • Calling Crab Salad: Sad Cralad
Neologisms: using a made-up word • Mansplain