Infants & Toddlers
At 20-months a toddler with a dot of red rouge on her nose will try to rub it off when looking in a mirror because she has this.
What is self-recognition?
Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6.
What is the preoperational stage?
The most important factor in the rise of childhood obesity
What is people are more likely to buy meals away from home (e.g., “fast foods”)?
When a girl reaches her first menstrual period
What is menarche?
Harmful toxins that can affect fetal development
What are teratogens?
The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant.
What is synchrony?
Children in the preoperational stage have trouble with conservation due to their thinking being overly centered or focused on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem.
What is centration?
The ability to adapt and rebound in response to adverse childhood experiences.
What is resilience?
Three factors that increase resilience.
What is social support;
What is extra-curricular activities;
What is coping and problem-solving skills?
Others…religion/spirituality; differential susceptibility, high intelligence, attractiveness; parenting skills; etc.)
A zygote is formed during this stage
What is the germinal stage?
The age most toddlers start walking without support.
What is 9 to 17-months
The tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects (e.g., believing the moon is following me)
What is animism? (this example is also an example of egocentrism too!)
Piaget’s observation that children in the concrete operations could arrange things in a logical order (e.g., smallest to largest; darkest to lightest)
What is seriation?
Piaget’s cognitive stage for adolescence
What is the formal operations stage?
The development of major organs, such as brain and heart, occurs in this stage
What is the embryonic stage?
When your toddler starts repeating your actions like talking on the phone, feeding a baby doll, etc.
What is deferred imitation?
This type of parent is highly demanding and very low in responsiveness, requiring obedience (“My way or the highway!”)
What is authoritarian?
In middle childhood, children are more likely to engage in viewing themselves in relation to others
What is social comparison?
The belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one’s appearance and behavior (e.g., feeling like everyone is staring at the stain on your shirt)
What is the imaginary audience?
Fetuses who are born as early as 22 to 26 weeks still have a good chance for survival.
What is the age of viability?
Vygotsky’s term for the temporary assistance an adult or mentor provides to gradually grow skills in a child or student.
What is scaffolding?
Maturity in this portion of the brain make children in this stage much more pleasant to be around. There are less tantrums and better emotional regulation.
What is the prefrontal cortex?
When people believe their basic qualities, like their intelligence or talent, are simply fixed traits. They spend their time documenting their intelligence or talent instead of developing them. They also believe that talent alone creates success—without effort.
What is a fixed mindset?
Media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities
What is the displacement effect?
Growth and development proceed from the head to the tail or feet.
What is the cephalocaudal principle?