Chapter 17
What is Time-Out?
The person engages in an aversive activity after doing a problem behaviour as an attempt to decrease the problem behaviour.
How do you use Aversive Activities as Punishment?
What are the Strategies to promote Generalization?
The use of behaviour modification strategies to change your own behaviour.
What is Self-Management?
Repetitive, automatically reinforcing behaviours that often occur outside of the persons awareness.
What are Habit Behaviours?
When the person loses a quantity of a specific reinforcer after doing the problem behaviour.
What is Response Cost?
Positive practice overcorrection, restitutional overcorrection, contingent exercise, guided compliance, and physical restraint.
What are the Aversive Activity Procedures?
When the behaviour being trained will have cause natural reinforcement to occur.
How you make Generalization more likely to occur?
Significant others provide antecedents or consequences to promote appropriate behaviour.
What is Social Support?
Nervous habits, tics, and stuttering.
What are the Three Categories of Habit Behaviours?
When the time-in environment is reinforcing.
How is Time-Out most effective?
You deliver an aversive stimulus when the problem behaviour occurs.
How do you use Aversive Stimulation in Punishment?
The stimuli used in training should be similar to the stimuli in the target situations so those stimuli develop control over the behaviour and promote generalization.
How does Stimulus Control promote Generalization?
Undesirable behaviours are reinforced by immediate consequences even if the long-term outcome is negative. Desirable behaviours are suppressed by immediate consequences but have positive outcomes in the long-term.
How do Immediate Consequences affect Target Behaviours?
Awareness training to teach the person to discriminate each instance of the habit. The use of competing responses after the habit. And Social support procedures to motivate the person.
What do Habit Reversal Procedures consist of?
One is when the person is removed from the environment entirely. The other is when the person is remains in the environment but is removed from all reinforcers.
What is the Difference between Exclusionary and Nonexclusionary Time-Out?
Only after functional interventions have been proven to be ineffective.
When should Punishment be considered?
By having different responses all produce a reinforcing outcome.
How does training Different Responses promote Generalization?
Goal setting, self-monitoring, antecedent interventions, behavioural contacts, arranging reinforcement or punishment contingencies, social support, self-instructions, and self-praise.
What are Self-Management Strategies?
For motor tics, you tense the muscles involved in the tic. For nervous habits, you do an incompatible behaviour from the habit that uses the same muscles. For stuttering, you use regulated breathing.
What are the Competing Responses?
The change agent must have control over the reinforcer.
How is Response Cost most Effective?
Informed consent, use of alternative treatments, recipient safety, problem severity, implementation guidelines, training and supervision, peer review, and accountability.
What are the Ethical Issues surrounding Punishment?
By conducting a functional assessment, plan for generalization using the eight generalization strategies, focus on functionally equivalent behaviours, and maintain extinction or punishment over time.
How do you promote Generalized Reductions in problem behaviours?
1. Make the commitment to change a behaviour. 2. Define the behaviour and competing behaviours. 3. Set goals for the outcomes. 4. Implement a self-monitoring plan. 5. Conduct a functional assessment of the target behaviour and alternative behaviours. 6. Implement self-management strategies. 7. Evaluate change in behaviour. 8. Reevaluate strategies if behaviour is not changing. 9. Implement maintenance strategies.
What are the Steps of Self-Management programs?
The use of the competing responses after which either functions as a punisher or as an alternative behaviour to replace the habit.
What changes the Effectiveness of the Habit Reversal Procedures?