Self-Regulation
What is Self-Regulation?
A definition of emotions
Brief physiological and psychological responses that are subjectively experienced as feelings and prepare us for action/help with goals. Serve a social function.
The function of Self-Esteem according to the Needs-Satisfaction Framework.
A monitor of belonginess (sociometer theory), self-determination (SDT; autonomy, competence, relatedness), and meaning (terror management theory).
Requirements to satisfy the Need to Belong
1) frequent, pleasant interactions with a few other people
2) interactions in a context of stability and concern for others welfare
4 attachment styles
Secure: not concerned with being abandoned, feels worthy of being loved/appreciated
Dismissive: claims to not need romantic relationships, prefers to be independent/self-sufficient
Preoccupied: Worried that other people will not love them as much they love others, higher than average levels of anxiety
Fearful: Desires intimacy but does not trust others and is worried about being hurt
This influences our effort, persistence, and attention on a task. People who are high in this tend to spend more time practicing a related task and seek more info.
What is self-efficacy beliefs?
Embarrasibility, social appearance anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem
These are some ways that LSEs differ from HSEs
-Rate various traits less positively
-greater day to day changes in s-evals
-more uncertainty about self (longer time to make me/not me decision, less certainty about where one stands on certain traits)
-Perform worse/respond worse after failure
Lowered state SE, more risky and unhealthy behaviors, self-defeating behavior, worse performance when completing difficult tasks, aggression (abortion essay study)
Things associated with secure attachment style
Greater relationship satisfaction, more support from friends, more positive views of partners negative behavior, less likely breakup, more likely marriage
These two studies show how alcohol can reduce self-awareness.
-Speeches and how many times people mention themselves
-Alcohol myopia: people under the influence of alcohol tend disproportionately base decisions on immediate aspects of a situation without being able to see the 'bigger picture' by reducing the range of cues we attend to, as well as our ability to process information
People experiencing _____ will think of ways they'd change the self whereas people experiencing _____ will think of ways to change their behavior.
What is shame and guilt?
Costs of pursuing self-esteem
-Autonomy(more pressured to succeed, time pressure, conflicts w/ prof, less intrinsic motivation)
- Negative feedback taken as threat intstead of learning from it
-Self-regulation: more likely do give in to impulses
-Mental health: More depressive symptoms via fluctuating/variability in SE
Examples of people responding positively to rejection
-"Future Alone, Future Belonging, Future Misfortune" conditions, whether someone would rather do work alone or with a partner
Ways that LSEs differ from HSEs in relationships
LSEs...
have less happy relationships, create/maintain distress w/ partner via behavior, see less positive qualities in their partner, less forgiving of partners transgressions
Concepts that may explain why self-regulation fails.
What are...
-Self-control as a muscle (radishes vs cookies study)
-SC Shifts our thought process from "I want to" to "I have to"
-Failure at SC leads to future SC failure
If you do this, it makes people like you more after doing something "wrong" as it shows that you acknowledge your wrongdoing.
Ages at which people distinguish between verbalizing and manifesting self-esteem
2-3 (specific self-evals w/o self-esteem
8 (understands self as person, reflects upon selves)
ACC and RVPFC
Areas of the brain that are active during physical pain and also upon rejection, suggesting a link in mechanism (may rejection may function like physical pain in that it lets one know that something needs to be fixed/addressed)
This defines Self-Expansion Theory
People enter or remain in relationships to expand their self by including aspects of the other as part of their self-concept (e.g. experiences, characteristics)
4 ways to replenish self-control
-Rituals
-"some other time"
-immersing in TV show
These are two distinct forms of Pride.
Authentic: Based on achievement, internal, unstable, controllable (e.g. accomplished, confident)
Hubristic: From a sense of "greatness" internal, stable, uncontrollable (e.g. conceited, arrogant), also will be used a defense mechanism
-RSE has risen over the years whereas SAT scores have decreased
-Baumeister et al review of literature shows no correlation between SE leading to better outcomes (except for a positive correlation with happiness)
The three components of self-compassion and what self-compassion predicts
-Self-Kindness, Mindfulness, common humanity
-adaptive responses to unpleasant events, taking responsibility for one's actions, a growth mindset
A way to raise LSEs perception of their partner
Lomore et al., 2007