History of Neuroscience
This ancient Greek philosopher theorized that the heart was the seat of the soul and the brain cooled the blood.
Who is Aristotle? (p. 1)
This device was first aimed at the space between neurons in 1954.
What is the electron microscope? (p. 2)
The study of the nervous system has its root in this foundational scientific discipline.
What is biology? (p. 2)
The nervous system uses a variety of these chemicals as signaling molecules for communication between cells.
What are endogenous chemicals? (p. 3)
In the 1960s, this doctor used his knowledge of the dopamine system to develop L-Dopa treatment for Parkinson's disease.
Who is Dr. Oliver Sacks? (p. 4)
In the mid-1800s, this person suggested that specific parts of the brain carry out specific functions, known as localization theory.
Who is Paul Broca? (p. 1)
The functional magnetic resonance imaging device (fMRI) came into use in this year.
What is 1991? (p. 2)
Questions in this field branched off from philosophy, centered around the mind-body problem.
What is psychology? (p. 2)
This term describes chemicals that originate from outside the body, like caffeine or cocaine.
What is exogenous? (p. 3)
Biological Psychology is also known by this two-word name.
What is Biopsychology? (p. 4)
This opposing theory suggests that behavioral functions require the activation of cells across several different areas of the brain.
What is distributive processing theory? (p. 1)
fMRI allows researchers to visualize brain activity while a person is actively engaged in this.
What are behaviors (or tasks/stimuli)? (p. 2)
The idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
What is emergence? (p. 2)
Neurons typically maintain this type of electrical charge.
What is a negative electrical charge? (p. 3)
This subfield of biological psychology focuses on the effects of pharmaceutical drugs on behavior.
What is Psychopharmacology? (p. 4)
The heated debate between Camillo Golgi and this anatomist in the 1900s led researchers to examine neurons more closely.
Who is Santiago Ramon y Cajal? (p. 1)
This visualization strategy is a method to render an entire brain transparent to map out connections.
What is CLARITY? (p. 2)
Psychologists typically examine neuroscience from this view, aiming to understand the whole organism before looking at smaller components.
What is the top-down view? (p. 3)
A change in voltage within a neuron, brought on by the movement of charged ions across the cell membrane.
What is an action potential? (p. 3)
This subfield of biological psychology examines the relationship between the central nervous system and the immune system.
What is Psychoneuroimmunology? (p. 4)
More neuroscience studies were published between 2015 and 2020 than in this timeframe.
What is the last 70 years? (p. 1)
This field has grown from the use of mathematical modeling to describe or predict aspects of the nervous system.
What is computational neuroscience? (p. 4)
Healthcare providers coordinate closely with researchers to apply scientific knowledge using these principles as therapies.
What are biological principles? (p. 4)
The human brain contains approximately this many neurons.
What is 86 billion? (p. 4)
This subfield combines psychology with knowledge about hormones and behavior.
What is Behavioral Neuroendocrinology? (p. 4)