Cognitive Biases I and II
What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?
a cognitive bias where people with limited knowledge or competence in a domain greatly overestimate their own knowledge or competence
What is an example of a descriptive norm & an injunctive norm?
Descriptive -Fashionable clothes
Injunctive - Not sharing streaming accounts
This type of social influence involves changing one's behavior to fit in with a group and avoid social rejection
Normative influence
What is the gold standard for determining causality?
Random assignment!
What weather is known to cause aggression?
Hot weather
What are the 4 dissonance reduction methods?
Disregard, change, distort, add
"Not running red lights" -- is this injunctive/descriptive, or both?
Both
In this classic study, participants continued to obey commands to deliver electric shocks despite believing they were causing severe pain to a stranger
Milgram Experiment
What are the advantages for observational studies?
observe naturally occurring variables that cannot be manipulated; can examine phenomena that is difficult/unethical
What are the 3 forces that give rise to aggression, according to G.A.M.?
Situation, construal, cultural evolutionary forces
Name 4 self-serving biases.
Above average effect, Holier than thou, Motivated group affiliation/fair weather fans, Dunning-Kruger effect
What are the three sources of information for public norms?
1) public behavior of reference groups
2) summary information about group opinions
3) institutional signals
This type of influence is most likely to occur when a stimulus is ambiguous
informational influence
What are the 4 steps of the scientific method (per Dr. Starck)?
1. Use questions to develop a claim/theory; 2. Operationalize; 3. Derive conclusions and publish; 4. Repeat
What's the difference between hostile and instrumental aggression?
Hostile aggression: intends to cause harm to a person motivated by feelings of anger; instrumental: motivated by something other than hostility/anger
What is the main difference between actor-observer bias and fundamental attribution error?
FAE is about over-attributing others' behavior to disposition; the actor-observer bias adds that we flip in the situational direction for our own behavior
What stage of a norm breach reaction is most important?
Early movers (or anything about cascades/early stages)
Type of self-rooted in tradition
Interdependent self
What are the 3 types of correlations we can find in a study?
1. Direct; 2. Reverse; 3. Confounding
____ aggression is more common for men, while ____ aggression is more common for women.
Physical; relational
Why were participants more likely to fake enjoyment of the boring experimental task when given $1 vs $20?
Participants were paid either $1 or $20 to tell the next person a boring task was fun. Those paid $1 — lacking sufficient external justification — came to actually believe the task was enjoyable. Those paid $20 had a ready explanation for their behavior and showed no attitude change.
What is the name of the metaphor that describes how we all come into line and adhere to social norms?
Bourdieu's simultaneous clock metaphor
Sample typically surveyed in Psychology Studies
WEIRD Sample
What are the 4 concepts that make a good theory?
1. Parsimony; 2. Breadth of phenomena explained; 3. Ability to be disproved; 4. Accuracy
______ fosters instrumental aggression.