Stages of Cells-Birth
fertilized egg cell
zygote
believed that the effect of any experience on thinking depended on the person’s maturity combined with previous experiences
Piaget
“Law of Behavior”- if a behavior creates a pleasant response, there is a chance the behavior is repeated (vice versa)
thorndike
acquisition
process that establishes a conditioned response
classical conditioning
Classical condition- influences visceral, reflexive, and involuntary responses, while operant conditioning applies to skeletal, somatic, and voluntary responses (stimulus->response)
cell formation period
blastula
thought education should match children’s cognitive levels
vtgosyky
Demonstrated potential applications of operant conditioning
Parsimony- seeking simple explanations in terms of reinforcement histories, and avoiding the inference of complex mental processes.
Skinner
extinction
conditioned stimulus repeated without the unconditioned stimulus to get a classically conditioned response
Does not change the relationship between the CS and UCS
reinforcement and negative punishment
Reinforcement- event that increases a probability that a response will be repeated
Primary reinforcers (food and water)
Secondary reinforcers (money and praise)
- Negative punishment- lack of response translates to reinforcement (omission training
cell differentiation period
gastula
erikson's stages of pysiosocial development
Conflict of basic trust vs basic mistrust (Age 0-1)
Conflict is autonomy vs shame and doubt (Age 1-3)
Conflict is initiative vs shame and guilt (3-5)
The preadolescent faces the struggle with a sense of industry vs inferiority (Age 6-11)
The adolescent must resolve the conflict between a settled identity vs role confusion (Age 12-18)
The conflict of intimacy vs isolation (Age 18-35)
The conflict of achievement of generativity vs stagnation (Age 35-55)
Struggle to determine if in the state of ego integrity vs despair (Age 55-death
states that we learn many behaviors before we attempt them for the first time.
Much learning, especially in humans, results from observing the behaviors of others and from imagining the consequences of our own.
bandura
stimulus generalization
Stimulus generalization- extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli
Reinforces new responses by reinforcing successive approximations to it
Operant chamber (Skinner Box)- used to put animals in there to shape
Shaping Behavior
2-8 weeks after conception
embryo
invented classical conditioning
pavolv
studied his own ability to memorize new material.
ebbinghaus
stimulus discrimination
Stimulus discrimination- development of sdifferent responses to two similar stimuli becasue they produce two different outcomes
operant conditioning method in which behaviors are reinforced by opportunities to engage in the next behavior
chaining behavior
8 weeks after conception to birth
fetus
founder of behaviorism. Adult emotions and fears are conditioned from infancy and follow throughout adulthood
waston
Developmental process is controlled by
Inherited forces determine characteristics of the developmental stages
Social and environmental stages influence those stages
epigenetic prinicple of maturation
operant conditioning
Operant condition- behavior affects outcome (response->consequence)
processes of operant conditioning
Generalization occurs when a new stimulus is similar to the original reinforced stimulus. The more similar the new stimulus is to the old, the more strongly the subject will respond.
Discrimination occurs when someone is reinforced for responding to one stimulus but not another. The individual will respond more vigorously to one than to the other.
In operant conditioning, extinction occurs if responses stop producing reinforcements.