1
Which of the following best describes how learned behaviors differ from instincts and reflexes?
a) Learned behaviors are automatic responses to stimuli
b) Learned behaviors are acquired through experience, while instincts and reflexes are innate
c) Instincts require conscious thought, while learned behaviors do not
d) Reflexes are complex patterns of behavior influenced by culture
b) Learned behaviors are acquired through experience, while instincts and reflexes are innate
Learning can be best defined as:
a) A change in behavior due to instinct
b) The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors through experience
c) A response that occurs naturally without prior exposure
d) A temporary change in behavior caused by biological maturation
b) The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors through experience
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
a) A student receives a reward for getting an A on a test
b) A child is given extra homework for talking in class
c) A driver stops hearing a seatbelt alarm after buckling up
d) A dog is scolded for barking too loudly
c) A driver stops hearing a seatbelt alarm after buckling up
Observational learning is best defined as:
a) Learning through direct experience only
b) Learning by imitating others
c) Learning that is biologically determined
d) A form of classical conditioning
b) Learning by imitating others
Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic forms of learning?
a) Classical conditioning
b) Operant conditioning
c) Observational learning
d) Cognitive dissonance
d) Cognitive dissonance
Generalization in classical conditioning occurs when:
a) An organism responds only to the original conditioned stimulus
b) A conditioned response occurs to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
c) A behavior is punished to decrease its likelihood
d) The conditioned response disappears entirely
b) A conditioned response occurs to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Which reinforcement schedule is best for maintaining behavior over time?
a) Fixed-ratio
b) Variable-ratio
c) Fixed-interval
d) Continuous
b) Variable-ratio
Prosocial behavior learned through observational learning is best described as:
a) Learning behaviors that benefit others and society
b) Learning behaviors that harm others
c) Learning behaviors that are neutral in their impact
d) Learning behaviors that have unpredictable outcomes
a) Learning behaviors that benefit others and society
In classical conditioning, the process by which an organism learns to associate two stimuli is called:
a) Spontaneous recovery
b) Acquisition
c) Discrimination
d) Reinforcement
b) Acquisition
Discrimination in classical conditioning is demonstrated when:
a) An organism learns to respond to multiple stimuli in the same way
b) An organism differentiates between similar stimuli and responds only to the conditioned stimulus
c) An organism shows no response to any stimulus after extinction
d) A conditioned stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus over time
b) An organism differentiates between similar stimuli and responds only to the conditioned stimulus
A child earns a sticker for every five books read. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
a) Fixed-ratio
b) Variable-ratio
c) Fixed-interval
d) Variable-interval
a) Fixed-ratio
Which of the following is an example of antisocial behavior learned through observational learning?
a) A child donates their toys after seeing a parent give to charity
b) A teenager helps an elderly person cross the street
c) A child becomes aggressive after watching violent TV shows
d) A student improves their grades after watching a friend study
c) A child becomes aggressive after watching violent TV shows
Extinction in classical conditioning occurs when:
a) A previously learned association is strengthened over time
b) The conditioned response disappears due to repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
c) The conditioned stimulus is paired with a new unconditioned stimulus
d) A behavior is reinforced intermittently rather than continuously
b) The conditioned response disappears due to repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning because:
a) It focuses on automatic responses rather than voluntary behavior
b) It involves consequences that influence behavior rather than stimulus-response associations
c) It does not involve any reinforcement or punishment
d) It relies solely on innate biological reflexes
b) It involves consequences that influence behavior rather than stimulus-response associations
What is the first step in the modeling process?
a) Retention
b) Motivation
c) Attention
d) Reproduction
c) Attention
Which statement is true about observational learning?
a) It only occurs when reinforcement is provided
b) It can occur without direct reinforcement
c) It does not involve cognition
d) It is limited to childhood developmen
b) It can occur without direct reinforcement
Which of the following best illustrates spontaneous recovery?
a) A conditioned response returns after a period of rest without further conditioning
b) A conditioned response becomes weaker over time
c) An organism stops responding to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
d) A behavior is reinforced by an external reward
a - Spontaneous recovery is the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response.
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, while punishment:
a) Increases behavior just as reinforcement does
b) Decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
c) Has no effect on behavior
d) Leads to extinction of all learned behaviors
b) Decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
According to Bandura, what is the most important factor in determining whether a behavior learned through observation will be repeated?
a) The individual’s intelligence level
b) The observer's ability to physically perform the action
c) Whether the model was rewarded or punished
d) The amount of time spent observing the behavior
c) Whether the model was rewarded or punished
A person who watches others stand in line at a coffee shop and then follows suit is demonstrating:
a) Classical conditioning
b) Operant conditioning
c) Observational learning
d) Instinctive behavior
c) Observational learning