Chapter 7.1
What was the works of Ivan Pavlov?
- father of classical conditioning
- worked with dogs
Punishment vs Reinforcement
Difference between phonemes and morphemes
Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as speech.
Morphemes are the smallest units of language that are made up of phonemes
What is the exemplar theory
category
judgements by comparing
new instances with
memories of other
instances of a category
• e.g., categorize a new dog
as a good example or
“exemplar” of the category
dog...
• strength over prototype
theory
three types of encoding
semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding, and organizational encoding
Describe the acquisition phase
In classical conditioning when you present the NS with a US
• primary reinforcers: help
satisfy biological needs or
desires
• food, shelter, etc.
• secondary reinforcers: are
effective because of CC
associations with primary
reinforcers
• trophy, money, verbal
approval, etc.
What is the language development for children for a 12 month old and a 5 year old
12 months = 10 words
5 years = 10,000 words
What is category-specific deficit?
category-specific deficit:
inability to recognize objects
that belong to a particular
category
what are the three types of judgement?
Case Judgement, Rhyme Judgement, semantic judgement
What is the Rescorla-Wagner model
- conditioned stimuli teach
animals to set up expectations
• pushing back against
behaviourism
• conditioning of Pavlov’s dogs
doesn’t lead to ONLY
salivation
(not a simple reflex)
• indication of cognitive
component to CC
26
rats in a latent learning group
were exposed to maze without
reward for 10 days and were rewarded for last 7 days,
showing dramatic
improvement. What could they have had to help them in this?
Likely had a cognitive map:
mental representation of the
physical features of the
environment
overregularize: overuse a rule
i.e., adding “-ed” for past tense
age 4-5
What parts of the brain are responsible for identifying humans, identifying animals, and retrieving tool names
left temporal lobe —>
identifying humans
• lower left temporal lobe —>
identifying animals
• occipital and parietal lobe
junction —> retrieving tool
names
Types of sensory memory
Iconic memory and Echoic memory
Why might safe-injection sites help to reduce
drug-related deaths?
body’s counteracting balancing
responses feed into developing
tolerance
• so, new environments should
decrease tolerance..
Distributive practice vs massed practice
Distributive practice is when you study activities that are spread out with time between repetitions.
Massed practice is cramming material in one session
What are the language centres of the brain? and what condition is there that can cause difficulty
Brocas Area - Left frontal cortex responsible for language production
Wernickes Area - Left temporal cortex responsible for language comprehension
heuristics vs algorithms
• heuristics: fast and efficient
strategies that may facilitate
decision making but do not
guarantee that a solution will be
reached
• algorithm: well-defined
sequence of procedures or rules
that guarantees a solution to a
problem
what is the episodic buffer and what controls it?
episodic buffer: integrates
visual and verbal information
from subsystems into a
combined code
• e.g, recognizing words: visual
and verbal info combined
• gateway to long-term memory
• central executive: coordinates
subsystems and episodic buffer
• controls flow of information
through system
Where does the conditioning of motor skills happen?
In the cerebellum
What is delayed reinforcement? Give an example.
Delayed reinforcement refers to a situation in which a reward or reinforcer is provided after a time delay following a desired behavior, rather than immediately.
eg. The challenge of quitting vaping because of reward in good health is delayed.
What are the syntactic rules?
How words can be combined to form phrases and sentences.
• e.g., every
sentence must
contain 1+ nouns
(with adjectives or
articles) and 1+
verbs (with
adverbs or
articles)
Describe the sunk cost fallacy and give an example.
sunk cost fallacy: people make
decisions about a current
situation on the basis of what
they have previously invested in
the situation
• if paid $100 to see a concert
and on the day it is raining...
• spend $100 and stay at home
• spend $100 and be
uncomfortable in the rain
Retrograde amnesia- inability to retrieve information acquired before a certain date
Anterograde amnesia- inability to transfer new information from short-term store to long-term store