Methods
Name the 3 main forms of variable?
indepenant, dependant and controlled
population vs. sample
A population is the wider group whereas a sample is the participants selected from the population.
Ethical concept vs Ethical Guideline
Ethical guidelines are rules that must be followed for protection and welfare purposes where as concepts are used to analyse and evaluate the moral aspects of conducting an experiment
Primary and Secondary, Quantitative and Quantitative.
What key components should be in a scientific report?
Abstract, Introduction, methodology (participants, materials and procedure), results, discussion and references and acknowledgments.
what is the initial step when beginning a scientific experiment and why?
Aim - highlights the purpose of the experiment and why it is being conducted.
E.g. To investigate the effect of IV on the DV.
What are the 2 types of sampling techniques? (according to the texbook)
Stratified and Random
List the ethical concepts (explain if possible)
Beneficence (commitment to maximising benefit), non-maleficence (minimise harm), integrity (commitment to research and reporting honestly), justice (moral obligation of competing claims being help fairly) and respect (value of life).
3 types of error
Random, systematic and personal
aspects of a discussion
results and direction (in comparison to control group), whether or not hypothesis was proved, validity and generalisability, limitations.
What does a scientific experiment work to test?
to measure the effect of an independant variable on the dependant variable
Explain the process of stratified sampling.
Population is 1st divided into subgroups, each member of a subgroup is then randomly allocated to a group based off of their proportion in the population.
e.g 1/4 being high income earners vs 3/4 being low-middle income earners.
List ethical guidelines
Informed consent, withdrawal rights, voluntary participation, use of deception, debrief, confidentiality.
What is standard deviation used for?
It is a measure of validity that measures the spread of data around the mean
How can you tell the difference between scientific and Non-scientific report?
Opinion - judgement without proof base
anecdote - personal story
Evidence - a verified fact
Generally speaking, a scientific report will not have any opinions or anecdotes within the results or discussion.
Structure of a hypothesis (write on board and come up with suggestions)
it is hypothesised that the IV (experimental) will have a strength/ direction effect on the DV compared to IV (control).
List the types of investigation methods (min. 3)
Case study, correlation study, fieldwork (e.g interviews, participant observation), literature review, Modelling and simulation, product, process and system development (designing to meet human needs - e.g DSM)
OHS safety requirements when investigating
Risk assessment and safety data sheet (SDS).
difference between reproducibility and repeatability
Reproducibility - closeness of results (when in same condition)
Repeatability - closeness of results (when in different conditions)
What is the difference between an extraneous and confounding variable?
extraneous can be easily controlled, confounding is harder/impossible to control.
What are the types of experimental designs? (explain each)
Within design - Participants are involved in both the experimental and controlled groups.
Experimental design - participants are allocated into EITHER the experimental or controlled groups.
Mixed Design - Mix of both experimental and within subject design groups.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander NHMRC six core values
spirit and integrity, cultural continuity, equity, reciprocity, respect, and responsibility
(Highly likely to be on exam!)
Difference between internal and external validity
External - whether results can be generalised.