Introduction
Psycholinguistics is the study of the mental _________ involved in language use.
(A) ideas and formulas
(B) gaps and connections
(C) representations and processes
(D) conceptualizations and formulations
(C) representations and processes
Suppose a speaker says the following utterance: "So yeah, I went to New York last...laaaaast Juuuune...yes, June, and I thought it was so dirty and crowded." What do you call what (s)he does in the middle of the sentence?
(A) hesitation (B) gap (C) revision (D) correction
(A) hesitation
The process of putting our thoughts into words is called:
(A) Vocabularization
(B) Lemmazation
(C) Lexification
(D) Lexicalization
(D) Lexicalization
The sensation of being "oh so close, yet oh so far away" from retrieving a word is referred to as:
(A) Tip-of-the-tongue
(B) Freudian slip
(C) Malapropism
(D) Lexical lapse
(A) Tip-of-the-tongue
Expressions such as "or rather " and "I mean" are examples of:
(A) stuffers
(B) revision expressions
(C) correctors
(D) editing expressions
(D) editing expressions
What are the two ways that psycholinguists can study psycholinguistics?
Through observation and experiments.
What hemisphere of the brain is in charge of syntactic encoding and conceptual planning?
The left hemisphere
What is the relationship between a lemma and a lexeme?
Lemma is the abstract, conceptual, pre-phonological form of a word. Lexeme is the phonological representation of the word.
What was the purpose of the studies involving WUGS?
To understand how words are formed using different morphemes.
What's the difference between a repair and a revision?
Repair: correct something that was said wrong. "Then you take left - I mean, a right - on Main Street."
Revision: adding information to help the interlocutor. "Then you'll see a building - a tall, red building."
Fill in the blank in this sentence: Psycholinguists can find out more about how the system works if they study what happens when the system _______________.
breaks down
What are the three steps (in order) of the production process?
Conceptualization > Formulation > Articulation
What is the purpose of presenting speakers with a set of sentences such as the following?
1. Don't judge a book by its _______________.
2. The teacher finished correcting the test and wrote down the _______.
3. Have you ever been to ______________?
4. He was thinking about ______________.
This is a Cloze task. It is to analyze transitional probability and pauses.
What does productivity tell us about morpheme production?
We have implicit rules (based on input data) about pluralization and past tenses in our brains as native speakers that we apply to new words.
On what levels do we monitor our speech?
Lexical, phonological, morpho-syntactic, and pragmatic
In the table on language use from Chapter 1, "comprehension" is described as "bottom-up" flow of information, while "production" is considered "top-down". Explain this.
Bottom-up: from lower to higher levels of processing (from sensory input to lexicon)
Top-down: higher to lower levels of processing (sentence interpretation to words)
What is the difference between macroplanning and microplanning? Give examples.
Macroplanning: How to achieve a communicative goal using speech acts.
Microplanning: Planning of each individual speech act (what should be stressed, words chosen, etc.)
Give an example of a mis-selection error that is called a "blend".
Fork - Knife = Fife
Give an example of the sound error of omission.
"Tuesay" for "Tuesday"
Give an original example of a SLIP task and explain what it is meant to do.
red shack
round shape
real show
shed roof
Used to induce spoonerisms
Name and briefly describe ONE imaging technique that is used by psycholinguists to get a better understanding of how the brain works.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) - tracks blood flow in the brain
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans - measure emissions from radioactive substances injected into bloodstream
Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) scans - Xrays taken from different angles
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - measures magnetic fields created by natural electrical activity
Electroencephalography (EEG) - measures electrical activity on the scalp
Mention and describe the different types of pauses produced in spoken language.
•Articulatory: due to phonetics (“space”)
•Delimitative: related to punctuation in written language (commas, periods, etc.)
•Physiological: space to breathe
•Pauses for planning (formulation)
What is the difference between the errors of anticipation and perseveration at a lexical level? Give an example of each.
Anticipation: a word is pronounced too early in a sentence. "How many gallons are in a gallon?" (How many pints are in a gallon?)
Perseveration: a word appears again later in the sentence. "Yesterday I bought milk from the milk...the store."
Explain why tongue twisters have nothing to do with your tongue.
Describe the process of repair in three phases using an example.
Interruption, editing, restart and repair
"Her office is on the 2nd floor - I mean, the 3rd floor."