Trait Approach
Define what a trait is.
Traits describe meaningful differences among individuals. They are stable and they must be consistent and rely heavily on language.
Who was the first to look at the unconscious mind? 50 bonus points for proper annunciation of his name.
Sigmund Freud
What did Adler think that we are all driven by?
What did Albert Bandura discover in the studies with a Bobo doll?
That we can learn from simply observing others.
Who created the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
Can traits be good or bad? Why or why not?
Traits are objective behavior. They are not “good” or “bad” but may be valued differently, depending on culture.
Who studied multiple cultures and developed the 12 archetypes?
Carl Jung
Why did Adler not approve of personality types?
What do humanists believe we are all striving to be?
Our best selves
What is the sociocultural perspective and how does it impact culture?
The sociocultural perspective highlights how the cultures that we belong to can influence our personality. Society can influence how we feel about our personalities. Violation of our cultural standards tends to elicit strong feelings by others
What is the Lexical Hypothesis?
The Lexical Hypothesis says that if a behavior is prominent (occurs a lot) in human behavior, we will create a word for it. If not, it is not common and doesn’t deserve a word.
What are the Ego, Id, and Superego? How do they work together?
Ego: Reality Principle, what can be done, mostly conscious, uses logic and reasoning
Id: Pleasure principle, what you want to do, unconscious urges and impulses, instinctual and biological urges, present at birth – seek food, lustful, impulsive, fun, deceitful, doing something knowing it may hurt others Examples: Bart Simpson, Cookie Monster
Super Ego: Moral Principal, what should be done, the source of conscience, morals, and ideals, the source of guilt, guides us to socially responsible behavior, Examples: Jiminy Cricket, Angel trope
The ego seeks balance between the id and superego
Adler discussed the family constellation and discussed how ____________ _______________ influences our traits.
Birth Order
Who focused on rewards and punishments to explain human behavior?
B. F. Skinner
What is learned helplessness? Describe the experiment where Seligman discovered this.
Learned helplessness is believing you are helpless and thinking that you you may be stuck feeling that way for a long time. In the experiment, there were three groups: 1. Control, 2. Given shocks with the ability to turn off the shocks with a simple action, 3. Given shocks without any way to turn off the shocks. Dogs that could control the shocks, were significantly more likely to stop the shocks. Dogs that couldn’t control shocks in the first experiment gave up on simple tasks in the second experiment and expressed learned helplessness. They were more likely to sit down and accept the shocks because they believed they couldn’t control them, even when they could.
Eysenck identified three traits to determine personality, called the PEN model. Name the three traits of the PEN model.
Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism.
What are the 8 stages of Erikson's development model and what is the question of each stage?
Trust Vs. Mistrust: Can I trust the people around me?
Autonomy Vs. Shame & Doubt: Can I do things on my own?
Initiative Vs. Guilt: Am I good or bad?
Industry Vs. Inferiority: How can I be good?
Identity Vs. Role Confusion: Who am I? What are my values? What is my identity?
Intimacy Vs. Isolation: Will I be loved, or will I be alone?
Generativity Vs. Stagnation: How can I contribute to the world?
Integrity Vs. Despair: Did I have a meaningful life?
Adler discussed birth order. Name two traits of each birth position: first born, middle, last born, only
First: Type A personality, often feel more deprived or envious of younger siblings, success-oriented, leaders, high-achieving (or sometimes even over-achieving), structured and organized, responsible, mature, may be more nurturing, responsible, and motivated to excel. Research shows first born children tend to have more advanced cognitive development and school readiness skills.
Middle: peacemaker, may seek social attention outside of the family, independent, people pleasers, outgoing, adaptable, attention-seeking, jealous, competitive, insecure, adaptable, independent, more sensitive to rejection, may have feelings of insecurity, fear of rejection, and poor self-confidence.
Last: outgoing, fun-loving, charming, free-spirited, immature, manipulative, self-centered, dependent, risk-taking, outgoing, sociable, charming, fewer self-regulation skills.
Only: mature, diligent, thoughtful, perfectionistic, high-achieving, imaginative, self-reliant, sensitive, more comfortable being alone, creative, like to have control, perfectionist tendencies
What are the 5 key tenets of social learning theory?
1. Learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social setting. 2. Learning can occur by observing behavior and the consequences of such. 3. Learning can happen without an observable change in behavior, because we may learn without displaying what we have learned. 4. Reinforcements play a role but are not entirely responsible for learning. 5. Cognition, behavior, and environment all mutually influence each other – a process called reciprocal determinism.
Name all 5 levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs with one example of a need met at each level.
See Image
Name the 5 traits of the Big 5 Model
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
Name the defense mechanism:
This is the healthiest defense mechanism. It is when an individual channels their struggles into something constructive (such as art or music). This alleviates some of the frustration from their urges and impulses.
Sublimation
Why are parents often rule-oriented, strict, cautious, and sometimes even neurotic with their first child and laid back with their last?
Experience
How the analytical-rational and intuitive-experimental processing systems work?
How did Rogers change the field of psychology and how does this relate to positive regard?
He rejected the term patients because it implies illness. The mental health field often uses the term clients now. He wanted his clients to be viewed in a favorable light.