Psychological Disoders
What are the four D’s used to determine psychological disorders?
Deviance - The degree to which the behaviors a person engages in or their ideas
Distress - The negative feelings a person has because of his or her disorder
Dysfunction - The maladaptive behavior that interferes with a person being able to successfully carry out everyday functions
Danger - dangerous or violent behavior directed towards the self or others
Vygotsky emphasizes ___ while Piaget emphasizes ___
Social world; The Physical World
Name and Define the three Characteristics of Human Language Development
Morphemes: the smallest meaningful units of a language
Grammar: rules of language
Syntax: specifics on how words can be arranged to produce phrases and sentences
Define Social Referencing
When a child looks at their caregivers’ emotional expressions for clues about the possible danger of their own actions
What are the four Parenting Styles
Authoritarian parents - strongly value obedience for its own sake and use a high degree of power assertion to control their children (low warmth, high control)
Authoritative parents - are less concerned with obedience for its own sake and more concerned that their children learn and abide by basic principles of right and wrong (high warmth, high control)
Permissive parents - are most tolerant of their children’s disruptive actions and least likely to discipline them at all. The responses they do show to their children’s misbehavior seem to be manifestations of their own frustration more than reasoned attempts at correction (high warmth, low control)
Uninvolved parents - are disengaged from their children, emotionally cold, and demand little from their offspring (low warmth, low control)
This disorder is characterized by prolonged, severe anxiety that is not consistently associated in the person’s mind with any particular object or event in the environment or any specific life experience
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Name Piaget's Four Stages of Development
What is...
1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 yrs)
2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs)
3. Concrete-Operational Stage (7-11 yrs)
4. Formal-Operational Stage (11-16 yrs)
Selective-Looking Experiments discovered that infants look longer at events that are _____
Physically Impossible; Novel
Define schemes
Mental blueprints for actions
Play may enable children to acquire more advanced
understandings of __ and ___ roles and greater
___
Enable; rules and social roles; Self-Control
Whenever Jimmy returns home he frequently walks back to the front door and unlocks and locks the door. He does this because he worries about leaving it unlocked and an intruder breaking into his home. Jimmy’s worrying can be classified as a(n)____ and repeatedly unlocking and relocking the door is a(n) ____
Obsession; Compulsion
At ___ months children begin to develop ___ and start to acknowledge that when not in sight things can still exist.
5-6 Months; Object Permanence
Note: before 5 months of age object permanence is NOT developed; mastered in Piaget's sensorimotor stage (8-12 months)
Grammatical rules are usually learned… (think: how?)
Implicitly
Define prosocial behavior
Voluntary behavior intended to benefit others
Ainsworth hypothesized that infants would become ____ to Mother's who provide ____
Securely attached to mothers who provide; Sensitive care
What are [at least] 3 common symptoms people with Post Traumatic stress Disorder (PTSD) may experience?
Characterized by the re-experiencing— in nightmares, daytime thoughts, and flashbacks—of an emotionally traumatic event; Other symptoms include sleeplessness, irritability, guilt, and depression
Define and provide an example of Accommodation and Assimilation
Assimilation: the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas
ex. A child knowing how to catch a baseball (schema) and successfully using the same technique to catch a softball (new experience)
Accommodation: changing or expanding schemas somewhat to accommodate the new object or event.
ex. A child knowing how to catch a baseball, but their technique does not work when they try to catch a frisbee. They must modify their catching technique (schema) to suit catching a frisbee (new object/event)
The first ___ amount of years are critical for language development
10 years
Define histrionic personality disorder
Disorder where people continually seek to be center of attention; behaving as if they are always “on stage.”
In Harlow’s experiment, infants (monkeys) are often attached to which surrogate mother and why?
Cloth surrogate mother; comfort and contact are just as important as basic needs
What are the three clusters of personality disorders? Name at least one disorder per cluster
Cluster A (“odd” personality disorders)
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Cluster B (“dramatic” personality disorders)
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Cluster C (“anxious” personality disorders)
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive
Name and Explain the two developmental changes involved in the Information Processing Perspective
1. Development of long-term memory systems. Episodic Memory comes last.
2. Executive Functions: working memory, inhibition, and switching.
Children acquire language at roughly the ___ despite the wide cross-cultural variations of ___
Same age; LASS (Language-Acquisition Support System)
Define developmental psychology (what is it's focus?)
The changes that occur in people's abilities and dispositions as they grow older.
What is “young-male syndrome"?
Risky and delinquent behavior is especially common in young males. It may serve to enhance status, ultimately as part of competition to attract females