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MISC.
100
What do NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR stand for?
NS- neutral stimulus; UCS- unconditioned stimulus; UCR- unconditioned response; CS- conditioned stimulus; CR- conditioned response
100
Pavlov's studies showed a relationship between the amount of times the metronome/meat were presented together and the amount of saliva produced. What was the relationship?
positive relationship; show them more = more saliva
100
What can deconditioning help "cure"? Give an example.
phobias; ex. man at WPAFB deconditions people to not be afraid of planes
100
What are primary and secondary reinforcers?
primary- innately reinforcing, ex. food, water, warmth, physical activity; secondary- learned through classical conditioning, ex. rewards, money, gold stars
100
What ways can punishment pose an issue? What are some guidelines for punishing? What are some guidelines for reinforcing?
I'm the judge :)
200
Explain what Ivan Pavlov's experiment was. What kind of learning is this?
dogs salivating; classical conditioning
200
What happens when the time interval between the NS and the UCS being presented is increased?
less effective classical conditioning
200
Say your little sister loves to watch Teletubbies, but you HATE it. So every time she watches her show and it gets to the title sequence, you make the fire alarm go off in the house. What is the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR? What are other things she might be afraid of (stimulus generalization)? How might you decondition her?
NS- Teletubbies, UCS- fire alarm, UCR- fear, CS- Teletubbies, CR- fear; Barney, Seasame Street (people wearing costumes); give her a cupcake everytime she watches the show
200
What are the 4 types of desirable and undesirable consequences which influence behavior? Which ones increase behavior? Which ones decrease behavior?
Increase- positive and negative reinforcement; decrease- positive and negative punishment; positive (give), negative (take)
200
What is the social learning theory? Who is famous for this and what was his experiment?
you learn by observing others; Bandura; Bobo Doll experiment
300
Who conducted the experiment on Little Albert?
Watson and Rayner
300
What is the importance of classical conditioning? (3 things) Can you give an example of each?
1. explaining aspects of human health 2. explaining drug addiction and tolerance 3. explaining sexual fetishes
300
What is spontaneous recovery?
When a response randomly re-emerges after some amount of time; we deconditioned Little Albert, when he turned 25 he begins to experience a fear of rats again
300
What is stress?
stress- a response elicited when a situation strains or exceeds an individual’s ability to cope
400
Explain the Little Albert experiment. What was the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?
conditioned Albert to be afraid of white rats; NS- white rat, UCS- loud noise, UCR- fear, CS- white rat, CR- fear
400
Would Pavlov's experiment be considered ethical today? Would the Little Albert experiment be considered ethical today? Why or why not?
Pavlov- yes, no animals were harmed; Little Albert- no, can have lasting affects later in life
400
What is operant conditoning? What experiment made this famous?
s a type of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its rewards and consequences; Thorndike's puzzle box experiment with rats
400
Skinner developed shaping. What is shaping and how is it useful?
molding behavior to be what you want it to be/ rewarding steps toward the goal, ex. give rat a treat when the get close to the lever, touch the lever, push the lever, etc.; people with handicaps
400
What are some sources of stress?
life events (divorce, death, etc.), daily hassles (traffic, bad hair day, etc.)
500
What is stimulus generalization?
fear of things similar to the original fear; ex. little Albert also being afraid of white rabbits because they are similar to white rats
500
What is deconditioning? What are the 2 types of deconditioning?
deconditioning- "reconditioning" the mind to not be afraid of what it was once afraid of; extinction and counterconditioning
500
What is stimulus discrimination? Give an example.
stimulus discrimination- deciding between appropriate and inappropriate occasions for a response; Pavlov's dogs could possibly discriminate between a high pitched bell and a low pitched bell, if the the high pitched one was originally what made them salivate, they won't salivate when the low pitched bell sounds
500
With positive reinforcement there are 4 schedules. What are they and how do they affect behavior?
1. fixed ratio- every 10 times you push the lever, you get a treat (BEST) 2. variable ratio- you get a treat after 5 pushes, 32 pushes, 18 pushes, etc.(GREAT) 3. fixed interval- treat every 10 minutes (GOOD) 4. variable interval- treat every 4 minutes, 81 minutes, 47 minutes, etc. (OKAY)
500
True or False. The more stressed you are the less likely it is that you will get sick.
False- there is a strong correlation between stressful life events and physical illness