Human Development
The phase of prenatal development where the fertilized egg rapidly divides and implants in the uterus.
What is the Germinal Phase?
Motivation that arises from internal satisfaction or enjoyment of a task, without external incentives.
What is intrinsic motivation?
Cultures that value group harmony and prioritize the needs of the collective over individual desires.
What is collectivism?
Rules, often unwritten, that guide appropriate behavior in specific settings.
What are social norms?
A psychological disorder exists on a continuum ranging from mild to this level.
What is severe?
Toxic substances, such as nicotine or alcohol, that can cross the placenta and cause developmental damage to the fetus.
What are teratogens?
The core psychological need in McClelland's theory that drives individuals to pursue challenging goals.
What is the need for achievement (n Ach)?
The "Big Five" personality trait that describes someone who is organized, dependable, and responsible.
What is conscientiousness?
The mental framework that organizes knowledge, and the expectation about the sequence of behaviors in a social situation.
What are schemas and scripts?
The classic sign of psychopathology involving false sensory experiences, such as hearing voices.
What are hallucinations?
According to Piaget, a child in this cognitive stage is characterized by egocentrism, animistic thinking, and centration.
What is the Preoperational stage?
Maslow’s pyramid-shaped model culminates in this drive to realize one’s full potential.
What is self-actualization?
The idea that a person's behavior, cognitive processes, and the environment all influence each other continuously.
What is reciprocal determinism?
The tendency to overattribute a person's behavior to their internal traits while underestimating situational factors.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The psychological disorder characterized by chronic, free-floating anxiety that is not tied to a specific object or situation.
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
This process eliminates unused neural connections, making the brain more efficient, especially around age 11.
What is synaptic pruning?
The theory of emotion that suggests emotion arises from both physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
What is the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory?
Projective tests like the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the TAT are designed to uncover these.
What are unconscious thoughts and motives?
The phenomenon where the desire for group harmony suppresses dissent, leading to poor decision-making like the Bay of Pigs invasion
What is groupthink?
A learning disorder that specifically affects the ability to read and process written language, which is not related to intelligence.
What is dyslexia?
The level of Kohlberg’s morality where decisions are guided by universal ethical principles, even if they conflict with the law.
What is Postconventional morality?
According to the inverted-U theory, this type of task requires lower levels of arousal for optimal performance.
What are complex tasks?
Carl Jung proposed this universal repository of memories and images shared across all humanity
What is the collective unconscious?
The term for the minority of participants in the Milgram experiment who resisted authority and refused to continue administering shocks.
What is heroic defiance?
The former name for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), which involves the presence of two or more distinct personality states.
What is multiple personality disorder?