Learning
the process of aquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
learning
In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was intitially a ______ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a ________ stimulus
neutral; conditioned
when a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus,_______ will soon take place
extinction
one difference between classical and operant conditioning is that
in classical conditioning the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli
to obtain a reward a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?
classical conditioning
the type of learning associated with B. F. Skinner is
operant learning
In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the_____ and the white rat was the _____
US; CS
during extinction, the _____is omitted; as a result, the _____ seems to disappear
US; CR
for the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented
before the US
a congitive map is a
mental representation of one's environment
learning is imitating others' behaviors is called ______ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ______
observational; Albert Bandura
In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, spontaneous recovery occured
when the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period
shaping is a _____ technique for _____ a behavior
operant; establishing
which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer
receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done
online adaptive quizzing systems are applications of the operant conditioning principles of
shaping and immediate reinforcement
similar to ourselves, admired, successful
after exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates
latent learning
regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that
watching violence on television contributes to aggressive behavior
You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example of
operant conditioning
A pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement. According to the text, this is most likely because
pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings to escape negative events and to use their beaks to obtain food
After watching coverage of the Olympics on television recently, Lynn and Susan have been staging their own, "summer games" which of the following best accounts for their behavior?
observational learning
experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that
for the conditioning of certain stimuli the US need not immediately follow the CS
you always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. As you do so, your dog salivates. rattling the box is a _____; your dog's salivation is a _______
CS;CR
cognitive processes are
important in both classical and operant conditioning
Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. this is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?
fixed-interval