Definition
Learning
the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
Little Albert
John Watson conditioned a child to be afraid of rats, which eventually generalized into a fear of anything white and furry. Relevant theories: Classical Conditioning
John Garcia conducted the BoBo Doll experiment.
False
(Albert Bandura)
What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study prove?
Children learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning - through watching the behavior of another person.
Why does the brain treats rejection like physical pain?
the intensity of rejection may cause a psychosomatic reaction that translates emotional pain into physical pain (e.g. stomachache)
group-think
individual members of small cohesive groups tend to accept a viewpoint that represents a perceived group consensus, whether or not the group members believe it to be valid or correct
Milgram
Stanley Milgram assigned participants to administer what they believed to be real shocks every time a participant (actually a confederate) answered a question wrong, with the voltage increasing with each shock to see if participants would continue to inflict the electrocutions. Relevant theories: Social conformity, influence of authority
There are currently 4 versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
False
Which psychologist came up with the treatment known as client-centered therapy?
What does Dr. Phil have a PhD in? Be specific!
Clinical psychology
self-fulfilling prophecy
Being so convinced of an untrue reality that your behaviors end up making that reality true (e.g. being certain that your friend is mad at you, so you ignore them, and now they are mad at you because you are ignoring them)
BoBo Doll
Albert Bandura had children watch adults interact with the BoBo doll, either aggressively or kindly, and then observed how they treated the doll afterward. Children who watched aggressive adults treat the doll aggressively and children who watched gentle adults played gently Relevant theories: Social learning theory,
Schachter-Singer conducted the two-factor theory of emotion
True
What are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning is reinforcement, classical conditioning relies more on association between stimuli and responses. Operant conditioning is based on voluntary behavior, while classical conditioning often involves involuntary reflexive behavior.
Is it possible to not have a dream when you sleep at night?
No! Even if you don't remember them, you always have dreams.
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraints in the groups
Asch Conformity Study
Soloman Asch had 50 college students participate in a vision test. What the students did not know was that the rest of the group were confederates who were instructed to answer incorrectly at times. Asch found that a significant percentage of students chose the obviously incorrect answer if the majority of the group chose it. Relevant theories: Conformity, normative influence
Sigmund Freud was once quoted saying, "The sexual life of adult women is a dark continent for psychology."
True... unfortunately.
Which famous psychologist believed that children would best be raised away from the corrupting influence of parents on "baby farms?"
John Watson (best known for Baby Albert)
Who was the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Group polarization
the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
Seligman
Martin Seligman conducted an experiment to see if dogs that were not previously conditioned to an electric shock differed in their responses to the shock than dogs that were conditioned. Dogs who were not conditioned looked for positive outcomes or a way to resist while the conditioned dogs just took the shock and did nothing to fight it. Relevant theories: Learned helplessness
There are psychological theories that have been proven true.
False! Many theories have substantial empirical evidence and are generally accepted as fact, but no psychological theory can be proven to be 100% true (hence why we are a "soft" science!).
Name any personality theory!
Trait theory (OCEAN/Big 5, Myers Brigg Type Indicator, HEXACO, etc)
Humanist theory (Hierarchy of needs, etc)
Psychodynamic theory (Personality is defined by unconscious processing of past events)
CAPS (Cognitive Affective Processing System; Walter Mischel)
Etc, etc
What is the etymology (i.e. the linguistic root) of psychology?
Psyche = Ancient Greek for mind
-ology = Ancient Greek suffix meaning the study of
Psychology = the study of the mind!