biological
What part of the brain is responsible for regulating heartbeat and breathing?
The medulla oblongata.
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?
Explicit memory is conscious and intentional recall (e.g., facts), while implicit memory influences behavior without conscious awareness (e.g., riding a bike).
explain the concept of the “bystander effect.”
The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help a victim when other people are present.
At what age do most children typically develop “object permanence”?
Around 8-12 months.
Name one common symptom of schizophrenia.
Delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in regulating mood and is linked to depression?
Serotonin
What stage of memory processing involves transferring information from short-term to long-term memory?
encoding
Who conducted the famous “Stanford Prison Experiment”?
Philip Zimbardo.
What is the difference between fine motor and gross motor skills?
Fine motor skills involve small muscle movements (e.g., writing), while gross motor skills involve large muscles (e.g., walking).
What is exposure therapy commonly used to treat?
Phobias and anxiety disorders.
which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pleasure and reward?
dopamine
Define the “confirmation bias.”
The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs.
Which experiment demonstrated obedience to authority figures?
Milgram’s Shock Experiment
What is the primary developmental challenge during Erikson’s stage of “Identity vs. Role Confusion”?
Adolescents explore their personal identity and sense of self.
What distinguishes bipolar disorder from major depressive disorder?
Bipolar disorder includes episodes of mania or hypomania in addition to depression.
Function of the hippocampus
learning and memory formation
What type of memory holds information for only a few seconds?
Short term memory
What is “groupthink”?
A phenomenon where the desire for harmony in a group leads to poor decision-making and suppression of dissenting opinions.
According to Erik Erikson, what is the main psychosocial challenge during infancy?
Trust vs. mistrust — developing a sense that the world is safe and reliable.
Name two common types of therapy used to treat PTSD.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain’s ability to reorganize and form new neural connections throughout life.
Explain the concept of cognitive bias
tendency to act in an irrational way due to our limited ability to process information objectively.
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes based on stereotypes, often without any factual basis.
What is attachment theory, and who is most famously associated with it?
It explains the emotional bond between infant and caregiver; John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth are key figures.
How does Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) typically present?
Excessive, uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, accompanied by symptoms like restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.