Schema Theory
What is a schema?
A mental framework that helps us organise and understand information.
What is researcher bias?
When a researcher's beliefs, values or expectations affect a study.
True or False: Correlation always means causation.
False
What is the DSM?
A manual used to classify mental disorders.
Who conducted the Bobo Doll experiment?
Albert Bandura
Which study showed that wording can distort human memory through schemas?
Loftus and Palmer
What is one ethical concern with animal research?
Animals may feel pain or distress
What does causality mean?
It is the relationship between a cause and an effect so essentially one thing causes another.
What was homosexuality once classified as?
A mental disorder.
What is Social Learning Theory?
We can learn by observing and copying others and choosing whether or not to replicate those behaviours based on rewards and punishments received.
Why can schemas sometimes lead to inaccurate memories?
We may fill in missing details based on what we already expect and due to the fact that memories are reconstructive in nature.
What can researchers use to reduce bias?
This can be done through triangulation which is the practice of using multiple data sources, methods, investigators, or theories to study a single phenomenon and strengthen the validity of the findings
How can intelligence be measured by psychologists?
This could be done through many ways such as IQ tests that can measure abilities such as reasoning, problem-solving, memory and verbal skills. Even standardised test scores, exam results, cognitive tests about memory and attention.
Who makes decisions about diagnoses in the DSM?
Psychological and medical experts.
What is a model in Social Learning Theory?
A person whose behaviour we observe and may copy.
True or False: Everyone has the same schemas.
False.
What is the main problem with animal testing besides the physical and psychological harm?
It is that animals cannot provide consent or understand the risks like humans can
A tougher qn from 300 (kinda relates): Can something as complex as intelligence really be reduced to a number? does it limit the understanding? why?
Yes it can limit, The operationalisation of key abstract variables such as intelligence may risk limiting other important factors of intelligence such as creativity, emotional intelligence, practical skills or ability to solve real-life problems.
What does the history of homosexuality in the DSM help us understand?
It helps us understand that our understanding of human behaviour can change over time. (link to prompt 2 😄)
Name one factor that makes someone more likely to be imitated.
Their status, liking the model, attractiveness, consistency, similarity, authority or being rewarded.
TOK qn: If our existing knowledge affects how we interpret new information, can we ever be completely objective?
No, since our perspective and prior knowledge can influence what we notice and remember.
When is animal research allowed?
When there is a clear scientific reason for using animals.The research cannot reasonably be done using humans or through another method. The researchers minimise the pain, stress and suffering.The animals are given proper care, food and living conditions. The potential benefits of the research outweigh the harm to the animals.Finally the study follows ethical and legal guidelines and receives approval.
Ice cream sales and drowning both increase in summer. Does ice cream cause drowning?
No. there is a third factor involved, such as hot weather, that affects both.
What does DSM stand for (I put this at 500 since I'm sure many people don't know) ?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Learning from seeing someone else being rewarded or punished for their behaviour.