Erikson
This is the first stage, where infants learn whether the world is dependable.
What is trust vs. mistrust?
This stage (birth–2) involves exploring the environment through the senses.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
This is the process by which sensory organs detect physical energy from the environment.
What is sensation?
This attachment style is formed when caregivers are responsive and consistent.
What is secure attachment?
In the first level, children obey rules to avoid punishment.
What is the preconventional stage?
Teens face this stage, where they explore who they are and where they’re going in life.
What is identity vs. role confusion?
During this stage, children struggle with egocentrism and lack conservation.
What is the preoperational stage?
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
What is perception?
This style of parenting is strict, with high demands and low emotional warmth.
What is authoritarian parenting?
This level involves moral reasoning based on personal principles and broader ethical values.
What is the postconventional level?
In this stage (ages 3–5), children learn to plan activities and take on new tasks- or feel guilty for trying to do things themself.
What is initiative vs. guilt?
In this stage, children master conservation tasks such as volume and mass.
What is the concrete operational stage?
The minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
What is the absolute threshold?
This attachment style results in a child clinging to a parent but appearing distressed and hard to soothe.
What is anxious?
People at this level follow rules because they believe it helps society function smoothly.
What is the conventional level?
This final life stage involves reflecting on life with satisfaction—or regret.
What is integrity vs. despair?
Teens in this stage can think abstractly and use hypothetical reasoning.
What is the formal operational stage?
Depth cues that require both eyes, such as retinal disparity, are called these.
What are binocular cues?
Children with this attachment style may seem indifferent to their caregiver's presence or absence.
What is avoidant attachment?
At this level, children view rules as fixed and obey to avoid negative consequences.
What is the preconventional level?
This stage focuses on contributing to society and supporting the next generation.
What is generativity vs. stagnation?
This key cognitive milestone in the preoperational stage is the ability to use symbols.
What is symbolic thought?
When sensory receptors stop responding to unchanging stimuli (like a smell fading), this occurs.
What is sensory adaptation?
This parenting style combines warmth with structure and is linked with the best outcomes.
What is authoritative parenting?
At this level, people may choose to break laws they see as unjust while upholding universal moral principles.
What is the postconventional level?