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Memory
Language
Misc
Sensation and Perception
Learning
100
What is Long-term potentiation?
What is be the nueral basis of learning and memory.
100
Cognition is a term covering all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Define cognition.
100
an idea of learning and recalling that is based upon the physiological and mental state of the organism.
What is is state-dependent learning?
100
Sensation refers to taste, touch, sight, sound, and smell; Bottom-up processing Perception is how we interpret these sensations; top-down processing is the brain's integration of past experiences into vision.
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
100
If viewing an attractive nude or semi-nude woman (US) elicits sexual arousal (UR) then pairing the US with a new stimulus (violence) could turn the violence into a CS that also becomes sexually arousing, a CR.
In slasher movies, sexually arousing images of women are sometimes paired with violence against women. Based on classical conditioning principles, what might be an effect of this pairing?
200
What is previously learned information is lost because it is mixed up with new and somewhat similar information.
Describe retroactive interference
200
To simplify and order the world around us. We divide clusters into categories. Form most around prototypes or examples of a category. These help make quick judgments about what belongs in a specific category.
How do we use concepts?
200
Colors that are across from each other on the color wheel. (EX. Purple and yellow)
What are complementary colors?
200
Light waves reflect iff the person and travel into your eye, where the rods and cones convert the light waves energy into neural impulses sent to your brain. Your brain then processes the subdimensions if this visual input- including color, depth, movement, and form-
What is the rapid sequence of events that occurs when you see and recognize someone you know?
200
Classical conditioning, we learn cues that lead us to expect and prepare for good and bad events. Operant conditoning, we learn to repeat behaviors that brings rewards. Observational learning, we watch others and learn.
As we develop, we learn cues that lead us to expect and prepare for good and bad events. We learn to repeat behaviors that bring rewards. And we watch others and learn. What do psychologists call these three types of learning?
300
Occurs when current information is lost because it is mixed up with previously learned, similar information. For example, you could have trouble learning the contents of this chapter because it conflicts with preconceived notions in your mind regarding the same topic. Our ability to learn something new (a new way of doing something) of something previously learned a different way is interfered. So learning how to drive on the right side of the road in the past would interfere with learning to drive on the left side of the road if you moved to Austraila or Ireland.
Describe proactive interference
300
clinging to our ideas bc the explanation we once accepted as valid lingers in our mind even after it has been discredited.
What is belief perseverance?
300
Foveal vision is focused and detailed from the cones, the central point of focus.
Why is foveal vision so much clearer that nonfoveal vision?
300
(outer ear)collecting air pressure waves-> (middle ear) mechanical waves-> (inner ear) fluid waves-> auditory nerve: electrical waves->brain perceives the sound
How do we transform sound waves into perceived sound?
300
Positive- adding something Negative- taking something away Reinforcement- Increasing a behavior Punishment- Reducing a behavior
What is positive, negative reinforcement/punishment?
400
We fail to encode info for entry into our memory system. If we don’t use effortful processing(rehearsal) then we don’t remember or process much of what we sense. Also from retrieval failure… new material may be retrieved before old. So you forget the older stuff.
Why do we forget?
400
Increase!
Thinking in images can increase or decrease our skills?
400
The ability to perceive understand, manage, and use emotions.
What do psychologists mean by “emotional intelligence?”
400
We have three types of color receptors, four basic touch senses, and five taste sensations. But we have no basic smell receptors. Instead 350 or so receptor proteins, individually and in combination recognize some 10,000 discernible odors.
How does our system for sensing smell differ from our sensory systems for vision, touch, and taste?
400
Although both saying and doing can influence people, experiments suggest that children more often do as others do and say as they say. Generalizing this finding to smoking, we can expect Jason will be more likely to start smoking.
Jason's parents and older friends all smoke, but they advise him not to. Jaun's parents and friends don't smoke but they say nothing to deter him from doing so. Will Jason or Juan be more likely to start smoking?
500
Explicit=declarative memories of experiences, , facts, and general knowledge. Implicit=nondeclarative memories of skills and conditioned responses (learned)
What are the two long term memory systems in the brain and what specific charactersistics do the posess?
500
Representative heuristic judge things in how they represent our prototype for a group Availability heuristic judge things based on how easy they come to mind Overconfidence blinded to our vulnerability to error.
How do heuristics, overconfidence, and framing influence our decisions and judgments?
500
Misattribution- confusing the source of information (putting words in someone else’s mouth or remembering a dream as an actual happening) Suggestibility- the lingering effects of misinformation (a leading question- “Did Mr.Jones touch your private parts?”-later becomes a young child’s false memory Bias-belief-colored recollections (current feelings towards a friend may color our recalled initial feelings)
What is 3 sins of memory distortion?
500
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500
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