Thinking and Cognition
This is the term for focusing on one thing while ignoring other information.
What is selective attention?
This psychologist discovered classical conditioning while studying digestion in dogs.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
This psychologist studied how consequences shape behavior and developed the theory of operant conditioning.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
These reinforcers are unlearned and satisfy biological needs like food, water, or sleep.
What are Primary Reinforcers?
This schedule rewards behavior every time it occurs and is best for learning new behaviors.
What is continuous reinforcement?
These mental frameworks help us organize information and predict what will happen in situations like going to a restaurant.
What are schemas?
In Pavlov’s experiment, this originally caused the dogs to salivate before any conditioning occurred.
What is food?
Any consequence that increases a behavior is called this.
What is reinforcement?
Money, grades, and trophies are examples of this type of learned reinforcer.
What are secondary reinforcers?
This general type of reinforcement rewards behavior only some of the time, making it harder to extinguish.
What is partial reinforcement?
This problem-solving strategy involves using a method that worked in the past, even if it might limit creativity.
What is mental set?
This occurs when a conditioned response weakens because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
What is extinction?
Adding something desirable to increase a behavior is called this type of reinforcement.
What is positive reinforcement?
This type of reinforcement increases behavior by removing something unpleasant.
What is negative reinforcement?
Getting a bonus after every 5 sales is an example of this reinforcement schedule.
What is a fixed ratio schedule?
This type of problem solving occurs when the answer suddenly becomes clear after your brain has been working on it in the background.
What is insight?
This term describes when a conditioned response suddenly returns after it had previously disappeared.
What is spontaneous recovery?
This reinforcement schedule is the most resistant to extinction and is used in activities like gambling and slot machines.
What is variable ratio reinforcement?
When reinforcement stops and behavior briefly becomes stronger or more frequent before declining, this occurs.
What is an extinction burst?
Receiving a paycheck every two weeks is an example of this schedule based on time intervals.
What is a fixed interval schedule?
While schemas help us predict situations and respond quickly, they can also lead to these problems in thinking.
What are bias, assumptions, or misunderstandings?
A strong negative reaction to a food after getting sick from eating it once is called this.
What is taste aversion?
This learning technique reinforces small steps toward a larger target behavior.
What is shaping?
Removing a lunch detention after a good intervention meeting is an example of what?
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Checking email or social media because notifications appear at unpredictable times is an example of this schedule.
What is a variable interval schedule?