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Memory
Psychological Disorders
Learning
Learning
Misc
100
. ________________ refers to the processes that allow us to record, store, and later retrieve experiences and information. a. Amnesia b. Memory c. Consolidation d. Recognition
What is b. Memory
100
Nearly ____ percent of all Americans between the ages of 15 and 54 will experience a psychological disorder at some point in their lives. a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 50
What is d. 50
100
The learning process that alerts organisms to stimuli that signal the impending arrival of an important event is known as: a. operant conditioning. b. classical or Pavlovian conditioning. c. habituation. d. associative conditioning.
What is b. classical or Pavlovian conditioning.
100
__________ conditioning occurs when two stimuli become associated with one another such that one stimulus now triggers a response that previously was triggered by the other stimulus. a. Observational b. Operant c. Classical d. Behavioral
What is c. Classical
100
Which of the following is the rule of thumb for the capacity of working (short-term) memory? a. 5 items b. 7 items c. 9 items d. 7 +/– 2 items
What is d. 7 +/– 2 items
200
Storage is a process of: a. translating information into neural code. b. retaining information over time. c. accessing information over time. d. All of these
What is b. retaining information over time.
200
The main tenet of the vulnerability-stress model is that: a. everyone is vulnerable to stress. b. everyone has some degree of vulnerability to developing a psychological disorder if they are exposed to enough stress. c. vulnerability is inversely related to stress. d. None of these
What is b. everyone has some degree of vulnerability to developing a psychological disorder if they are exposed to enough stress.
200
Tamica met her boyfriend last year while eating popcorn at the mall. She and her boyfriend feel very happy together. Since that time, whenever Tamica eats popcorn, she feels happy. Tamica’s feeling of happiness when eating popcorn is the: a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS). b. conditioned stimulus (CS). c. unconditioned response (UCR). d. conditioned response (CR).
What is d. conditioned response (CR).
200
Learning is a process by which experience produces: a. lasting changes to an organism’s behavior or capabilities. b. loosely applied behavior. c. calculated and analyzed behaviors that will only benefit an organism. d. a relatively enduring change in an organism’s behavior or capabilities.
What is a. lasting changes to an organism’s behavior or capabilities.
200
B. F. Skinner designed a special chamber in which recording the behaviors of rats were possible. Skinner recorded and studied the types of behaviors displayed by rats, the consequences of each behavior, and the frequency of behavioral displays. This chamber was known as the: a. Skinner box. b. puzzle box. c. skinner maze. d. radial maze.
What is a. Skinner box.
300
Memory is a process of: a. encoding. b. storage. c. retrieval. d. All of these
What is d. All of these
300
_______ behavior is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive. a. Deviant b. Abnormal c. Atypical d. Psychotic
What is b. Abnormal
300
Classical conditioning is usually strongest when: a. the UCS is more intense. b. there are repeated CS-UCS pairings. c. the time interval between the CS and UCS is short. d. All of these
What is d. All of these
300
In _______ learning, observers imitate the behavior of a model. a. observational b. operant c. classical d. behavioral
What is a. observational
300
Some people do not seek treatment for psychological problems because of stigma. This means that: a. they are worried that they will get sicker if they visit a specialist. b. treatment for mental health problems is not covered by insurance. c. they are worried about the implications of being labeled “mentally ill.” d. they know that the problem is just temporary.
What is c. they are worried about the implications of being labeled “mentally ill.”
400
Retrieval is a process of: a. translating information into neural code. b. retaining information over time. c. accessing information over time. d. All of these
What is c. accessing information over time.
400
Classification systems for disorders should be reliable. This means that different clinicians should provide: a. similar diagnoses. b. different diagnoses. c. multiple diagnoses. d. combined diagnoses.
What is a. similar diagnoses.
400
Pavlov’s dogs began salivating when they heard a tone but this did not occur when they heard the sound of a horn. This demonstrates: a. distinction. b. generalization. c. discrimination. d. acquisition.
What is c. discrimination.
400
The decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus is called: a. conditioning. b. habituation. c. training. d. attenuation.
What is b. habituation.
400
Using his special chamber, Skinner found that rats would display a behavior, such as pressing a lever, more frequently if following that behavior a food pellet was provided. The food pellet acts as a(n): a. punisher. b. reinforcer. c. strengthener. d. outcome variable.
What is b. reinforcer.
500
Most sensory memory is rapidly lost, unless it enters: a. generative memory. b. exception memory. c. working (short-term) memory. d. consolidation memory.
What is c. working (short-term) memory.
500
Sharon receives a diagnosis of depression. Research has shown that if Sharon is aware of her diagnosis, she may: a. act more depressed than she had before. b. begin to experience auditory hallucinations. c. be more likely to seek treatment. d. refuse treatment.
What is a. act more depressed than she had before.
500
Mary Cover Jones was a psychologist who was knowledgeable about behaviorist principles. Using the assumption that fear can be classically conditioned, she set out to break the CS-UCS pairing using a technique in which a patient is exposed to a stimulus that arouses anxiety without the presence of the UCS. Her technique was called: a. extinction therapies. b. flooding technique. c. exposure therapies. d. systematic desensitization.
What is c. exposure therapies.
500
The physiologist _______________ discovered classical conditioning through astute observation while researching digestion in dogs. a. Antonov Polensky b. Charles Darwin c. Vladimir Windholz d. Ivan Pavlov
What is d. Ivan Pavlov
500
Classical conditioning involves pairing two stimuli __________ the behavior. Operant conditioning involves consequences occurring __________ the behavior in influencing the frequency of the behavior. a. after; before b. before; before c. before; after d. after; after
What is c. before; after