Sociocultural Theory
This psychologist argued that cognitive development is strongly shaped by social interaction, language, and culture.
Lev Vygotsky
This is the process by which people learn the norms, values, language, and behaviors of their own culture.
Enculturation
According to the presentation, peer influence tends to be especially strong during this developmental period.
Adolescence
Hollos and Cowan studied children from these three Norwegian environments. Which were they?
Farms, villages, and towns
This bias is basically: “I’m sure everyone else thinks exactly like me.”
False consensus effect
According to this concept, the best learning happens in the area between what a child can do alone and what they cannot do even with help.
Zone of Proximal Development
These are the unwritten rules and shared expectations that guide acceptable behavior in a group or society.
Social norms
One major research problem in peer studies is separating actual peer influence from this effect, where people choose friends already similar to themselves.
Selection effects
The farm children generally had less of this, which made them useful for studying social isolation.
Peer interaction/contact
This IB core requirement is the one that makes students say, “Why is this 4,000 words and why did I choose this topic?”
Extended Essay (EE) / Monografía
This temporary support from a teacher, parent, or more knowledgeable peer helps a child complete a task and is gradually removed over time.
Scaffolding
A classroom expectation like raising your hand before speaking is an example of this type of norm about what people should do.
Injunctive norm
Cohen and Prinstein (2006) found that risky or aggressive behavior was viewed more positively when the peers promoting it were seen as having a specific high trait.
Social status/popularity
The study found that children across environments performed similarly on these Piagetian abilities, such as conservation and classification.
Logical operations
When a teacher gives hints, guiding questions, or partial support so you can solve a problem without giving away the answer, Vygotsky would call this:
Scaffolding
Vygotsky argued that many cognitive functions appear first on this level before becoming internalized by the individual.
Social/interpersonal level
According to the presentation, family, school, and this social group were listed as the main agents of enculturation.
Peer group
Giletta et al. (2021) found that peer influence was small but significant and stronger in the short term than in the long term. The research was conducted across 60 studies, and two important selection criteria were used.
Name the type of study they conducted.
Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Farm children performed worse mainly on tasks involving this ability, meaning understanding another person’s perspective.
Role-taking
Submitting copied work, uncited AI text, or someone else’s ideas as your own violates this IB principle.
Academic Integrity
In Leontyev’s study, picture cards especially helped this group, suggesting cultural tools could extend memory within their developmental range.
School-age children
When a child first follows a rule because adults remind them, but later follows it naturally as if it were a personal belief, this process has occurred.
Internalization
This cognitive bias can distort self-report research on peers because people tend to assume their own attitudes are common among their friends.
False consensus effect
The study suggests that social isolation affects social-cognitive abilities more than logical operations.
Give one reason why the researchers could not claim a strong cause-and-effect relationship.
1. Because it was a quasi-experiment.
2. There was no random assignment
3. Confounding variables may have existed
In Vygotsky’s theory, when a process begins in social interaction and later becomes part of the student’s own thinking, this has happened.
Internalization