Working Memory
The expected value/range of pieces of information that can be kept in working memory at any one time.
What is between 5-9 pieces of knowledge?
Verbally repeating something over and over in a short period of time to place it in LTM.
What is rehearsal?
Knowledge that we can easily recall and explain.
What is explicit knowledge?
Wrote Review of Verbal Behavior in 1959, which led in part to the downfall of behaviorism.
Who is Noam Chomsky?
Associated with Vygotsky, learning occurs within a physical, social and cultural environment.
What is sociocultural theory?
Along with the visual-spatial sketchpad, the other component which the central executive works with to manipulate information.
What is the phonological loop?
The three constructive storage processes of LTM.
What are internal organization, elaboration, and visual memory?
Psychological representations of real, hypothetical, or imaginary situations created and manipulated in WM.
What are mental models?
Involves thinking about something and acting accordingly.
What is self-regulation?
Consistent relationships between observed variables that permit prediction.
What is a principle?
According to some researchers, WM is associated with this type of intelligence.
What is fluid intelligence?
Facilitates storage by talking or writing about an experience that either has previously happened or is currently happening.
What is verbalization?
Originating with Piaget and others, a closely connected set of conceptual ideas that resides in LTM and facilitates understanding of the world.
What is a schema?
The thoughts and feelings associated with how well you think you can do and is often based on past experiences and messages from others.
What is self-efficacy?
Data showing the relationship between personal theories of intelligence (fixed or growth) and choice of academic goals.
What is mindset theory?
The very first process in transferring information from WM to LTM.
What is attention?
The type of intelligence that researchers propose is associated with LTM.
What is crystallized intelligence?
Experts gain significant knowledge structures and automaticity during the course of time by engaging or participating in two key activities.
What is deliberate practice and seeking feedback?
Communication designed to improve aspects of learning performance.
What is feedback?
Any observable and measurable environmental event.
What is datum?
Implicated in directing attention, drawing inferences, making decisions, solving problems, self-regulation, including inhibiting irrelevant thoughts and actions.
What is the central executive?
The location in the brain associated with encoding activity of emotionally-laden positive and/or negative memories.
What is the amygdala?
Categorizing domain-specific problems because they "look the same" instead of categorizing problems according to structural or causal principles that can be used to solve the problems.
How do novices sort?
According to Kluger and DeNisi, interpreting feedback messages in ways that include attributions about the learner's intelligence, effort, ability or competence.
What are meta-task processes?
According to behaviourists, these aspects of learning could not be taken into account.
What are internal states?