General Terms
When one variable increases, so does the other.
What is a positive correlation?
A prediction that can be tested in an experiment.
What is a hypothesis?
The psychologist who trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
The field of psychology that applies psychological principles to the legal system.
What is forensic psychology?
Maslow’s model that organizes human needs from basic survival to self-actualization.
What is the hierarchy of needs?
The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used for comparison.
What is the control group?
The factor that the researcher manipulates in an experiment.
What is an independent variable?
The long-term research that showed how early attachments with caregivers influence relationships later in life.
What is the Strange Situation study by Mary Ainsworth?
The process of creating a psychological description of an unknown criminal based on evidence and behavior.
What is criminal profiling?
Freud’s theory that behavior is driven by unconscious desires and conflicts.
What is psychoanalytic theory?
A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a response after being paired with another stimulus that naturally causes that response.
What is classical conditioning?
When neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment or the placebo.
What is a double-blind procedure?
The study where people were assigned to be guards or prisoners, showing how roles influence behavior.
What is the Stanford Prison Experiment?
When someone confesses to a crime they didn’t commit due to pressure or suggestion.
What is a false confession?
Piaget’s idea that children develop thinking in stages as they grow.
What is cognitive development theory?
A mental shortcut the brain uses to make quick judgments or decisions.
What is a heuristic?
When participants' or researchers' expectations influence the results of a study.
What is experimenter or participant bias?
The experiment that showed how children imitate aggressive behavior after watching adults with a doll.
What is Bandura’s Bobo doll study?
The legal term for whether a defendant understood right from wrong at the time of a crime.
What is the insanity defense?
Bandura’s theory that we learn by watching others and imitating their actions.
What is social learning theory?
The tendency to attribute others’ behavior to internal traits while overlooking situational factors.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
A variable other than the independent variable that could unintentionally affect the outcome of the experiment.
What is a confounding variable?
The study that found participants would assign stronger shocks to others when deindividuated (e.g., wearing hoods or uniforms), revealing how anonymity affects aggression.
What is Zimbardo’s deindividuation study?
The phenomenon where eyewitnesses are less likely to help in an emergency if others are present.
What is the bystander effect?
The theory that physiological arousal and cognitive labeling happen at the same time to create emotions.
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?