Sensory & Preception
The process by which sensory receptors detect physical energy from the environment and turn it into neural signals.
What is sensation?
These specialized cells receive and transmit information throughout the nervous system using electrical and chemical signals.
What are neurons?
This type of learning occurs when an organism learns to associate two stimuli, causing a previously neutral stimulus to trigger a response.
What is classical conditioning?
A student studies hard and earns extra credit. Because the student wants to earn extra credit again, the student studies hard more often. This is an example of what?
What is positive reinforcement?
This type of learning occurs when a person learns a behavior by watching someone else and observing what happens to them.
What is observational learning?
The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
What is the absolute threshold?
This part of the brain helps regulate breathing, heart rate, and other essential functions that keep you alive.
What is the brainstem?
In Pavlov's experiment, the food naturally caused the dogs to salivate before any conditioning occurred. The food is an example of this.
What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
This type of learning occurs when behaviors become more or less likely depending on the consequences that follow them.
What is operant conditioning?
A younger athlete watches an experienced teammate demonstrate proper running form and then copies the technique. The teammate is serving as this.
Who is Albert Bandura?
This part of the inner ear contains tiny hair cells that help convert sound vibrations into neural signals that the brain interprets as sound.
What is the cochlea?
This neurotransmitter is associated with reward, motivation, and reinforcement, helping explain why rewarding experiences can motivate us to repeat behaviors.
What is dopamine?
A student gets sick after eating spoiled chicken. Later, the smell of chicken makes the student feel nauseated. The nausea triggered by the smell is this.
What is the conditioned response (CR)?
A student finishes all their assignments, and their teacher allows them to skip an unwanted homework assignment. The student begins finishing assignments more consistently. This is an example of what?
What is negative reinforcement?
This psychologist conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment to study how children learn aggressive behaviors by watching adults.
Who is Albert Bandura?
After sitting in a room for several minutes, you no longer notice the smell of someone's perfume, even though it is still present.
What is sensory adaptation?
This part of a neuron receives messages from other neurons, acting like the branches of a tree.
What are dendrites?
After a dog learns to salivate to a bell, the bell is repeatedly rung without food. Eventually, the dog stops salivating to the bell. This process is called what?
What is extinction?
A teenager repeatedly breaks curfew and is assigned extra chores as a consequence. The teenager begins breaking curfew less often. This is an example of what?
What is positive punishment?
A student sees a classmate praised for participating in class. The student becomes more likely to participate because they observed the positive consequence. This is called what?
What is vicarious reinforcement?
These specialized cells detect different types of stimuli, such as light, sound vibrations, pressure, and chemicals, and help send information to the brain.
What are sensory receptors?
Often called the “stress hormone,” this hormone is released by the adrenal glands and helps the body respond to prolonged stress.
What is cortisol?
After repeatedly hearing a bell before receiving food, a dog begins salivating when it hears the bell alone. The bell is now known as what?
What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A teenager misses their curfew, so their parents take away their phone for the weekend. The teenager begins following curfew more consistently. This is an example of what?
What is negative punishment?
According to Albert Bandura, observational learning involves four processes that allow someone to learn a behavior by watching another person. These four processes are what?
What are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation?