Chapter 6 (Memory)
What are the memory problems that patient H.M. (Henry Molaison) had?
H.M faced anterograde amnesia. This is the loss of memory caused by inability to store new memories. This case study lasted 50+ years, at the age of 9 Molaison was hit by a bicyclist and not long after began having seizures and they got progressively worse as he aged. Molaison died at age of 82.
How do we use mental images when we are thinking and information processing
We create internal representations of sensory experiences, allowing us to visualize, manipulate, and understand concepts without directly perceiving them
The stages of prenatal development
The 3 stages of prenatal development are germinal (zygote period- the first two weeks), embryonic (second period- third through eighth week), and fetal period (third period- ninth week until birth).
What are the different reflexes present at birth?
Rooting: a survival instinct that helps babies find a nipple to feed. When a baby's cheek or mouth is stroked, they'll turn their head, open their mouth, and make sucking motions.
Sucking: survival instinct that helps babies learn to breathe, swallow, and suck at the same time.
Grasping: An involuntary reflex that causes a baby to close their fingers around something
What is an explanation of déjà vu experiences in terms of memory and retrieval?
Déjà vu is a false sense of familiarity. Since you have not experienced this memory, your brain cannot not retrieve the information or identify details. Yet, you can feel as though you faintly remember the idea of it
What are the different types of long term memory and what do they do?
There's Procedural memory, Episodic memory, and Semantic memory.
Procedural- includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions. Examples are texting, riding a bike, making scrambled eggs, etc.
Episodic - includes memories of a particular event including the time and place that it occurred. Your memory of attending your first day of college is an example of this
Semantic - Memories of general knowledge such as concepts, facts, and names. Semantic represents your personal encyclopedia of accumulated data and trivia stored in long term memory
What are the different advantages of bilingualism?
Improved executive function, enhanced attention and focus, better memory, increased problem-solving skills, greater mental flexibility.
The different stages, approximate years of adulthood
What is the difference between primacy effect and recency effect
Primacy effect - It is the tendency to recall the first items on a list
Recency effect - It is the tendency to recall the last items on a list
What describes the information processing in a child’s brain?
What are the differences between semantic, long-term, sensory, and working memory?
Semantics are information including general knowledge, facts, names, etc. It is a form of long-term memory.
Long-term is the memories that we permanently remember.
Sensory memory is registered information from the environment that is held for a very brief period. After three seconds, information fades
Working memory refers to the temporary storage and active, conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
What are the different tests used in measuring performance and intelligence?
Binet-Simon Test , Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and Raven's Progressive Matrices.
Who is Lev Vygotsky and what are his contributions to understanding cognitive development in children?
The Russian psychologists believe cognitive development is strongly influenced by social and cultural factors. He agrees with Piaget that children may be able to reach a particular cognitive level on their own. He argues that children can attain higher levels of cognitive development through support and instruction. Children’s guidance helps the child’s cognitive abilities to reach new levels.
Different attachment types and their effects to personality development
Secure attachment: sensitivity, child will explore new environments but will periodically come back to her parent's side, Insecure attachment: ambivalent or detached emotional relationship between parents and their child. Child is less likely to explore, and they tend become distressed when their mother leaves the room, and they are hard to soothe.
What is the effect of sleep on memory consolidation?
What are the effects of Mood congruence and Similarity of context in memory?
Mood congruence is when a given mood evokes a memory that had this same mood. The emotional state acts as a retrieval cue
The context effect is then tendency to recover information more easily when retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information. The environment acts as retrieval cues
The different types of heuristics used by people when making decisions
Availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, anchoring heuristic, familiarity heuristic, affect heuristic, satisficing, recognition heuristic, and the fundamental attribution error
Kübler-Ross’s different stages of dying
First they deny the seriousness of their illness (doctors are wrong), secondly, they express anger and that they are dying, third they bargain – try to make a deal with doctors, relatives, or god (promising to behave a certain way if they are allowed to live.), fourth they become depressed, and finally they accept their faith.
What are the qualities of ‘concrete operational stage’ of cognitive development?
From the age of 7 to adolescence, it is described as the ability to think logically about concrete objects and abstract situations. The child is thinking more in an egocentric way, reverse mental operations, focusing simultaneously on two aspects of a problem.
What are the different decision making strategies?
What are some of the factors that contribute to false memories?
The misinformation effect is a memory-distortion phenomenon in which your existing memories can be altered if you are exposed to misleading information.
If we use a schema- an organized cluster of information- we can fill in missing details that may not be true Ex. A video was shown of a guy running, then a soccer ball flying in the air. Using schemas, we can assume he kicked it although this may not be true.
Source confusion is a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten. False details could be added after the event
What are the effects of ‘Stereotype threat’ in test taking performance?
The stereotype threat is being reminded of a negative stereotype you may face before taking an exam. This yields decreased cognitive performance and lower tests scores.
What is the development rate of different senses at birth?
The different tasks people have to face in going through psychosocial developmental stages according to Erik Erikson
What are the features of language development?