Chapter 8
Curiosity drive is activated when a novel item is in the environment.
When is curiosity drive activated?
Select behaviors & increase the expression of those behaviors.
What are Reinforcers?
The time between the current behavior and the availability of a future incentive.
What is Incentive Delay Interval?
The hierarchical rank of a goal; is based on the value of a goal. Higher-level goals have a higher value.
What is a Goal Level?
Processing resources - mental operations, memory retrieval, problem-solving, learning, decision making
What is Brain Economizing?
Psychological drive emerges from physiological need.
What is Hull’s drive theory?
Select against behaviors & decreases the expression of those behaviors.
What are Punishers?
Initially prefer smaller incentive, but as time delay increases, preference switches to the larger incentive.
What is Preference Reversal?
One’s capability to perform a task. Success raises self-efficacy which increases goal motivation. Failure lowers self-efficacy which decreases goal motivation.
What is Self-Efficacy?
Fixed ratio requirement is increased, and demand decreases.
What is an Operant Behavior?
The importance of boredom drive is to seek new stimulation. Certain stimulation is needed for proper brain development such as visual stimulation. Thus, these can be thought of as physiological drives to enhance brain development
What is the importance of boredom drive?
External stimuli that motivate or induce behavior to occur. Influence behavior based on anticipated consequence
What are Incentives?
Subjects are reinforced for their initial response after a set time interval, each reinforcement after that time is at a variable interval, with an average mean for the trial
.How is a Variable Interval schedule conducted?
The process by which a person becomes set to achieve a goal. It includes factors such as persistence, determination, effort, and time expenditure in pursuit of the goal.
What is Goal Commitment?
If things are cheap, there appears to be no preference in incentives. As price increases, you work harder to get both incentives. As resources become scarce (time, energy, money), differences in preference for incentives become clearer.
What is common sense?
Physiological
Safety
Belonging
Esteem
Self-actualization
What are the 5 levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs from the least level to the highest?
The attractiveness of an incentive-based on objective properties such as number & amount or subjective properties (one’s appraisal of objective value)
What is incentive value?
Subjective feelings that accompany incentive contrasts. Positive contrast is pleasant, negative contrast is unpleasant.
What is the Law of Hedonic contrast?
The mental image of the relationship among features in the environment and the goal. It gives one a sense of their current location in relation to attaining a goal.
What is a Cognitive Map?
What is the Substitution Effect?
One reinforcer can replace another provided that they serve the same function. An increase in the price of one reinforcer increases the demand for the substitute; eventually lowers the demand for the expensive item.
The response is supposed to be consistent with activated motives. An ambiguous picture is shown and the person is asked to tell a story about it. High achievement motivation is associated with statements related to long-term involvement, high standards, and unique accomplishments.
How do you perform a TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)?
As objective incentive value increases, utility increases but in smaller & smaller amounts.
What is the Fechner’s Law?
A high probability response can reinforce a low probability response, but a low probability response cannot reinforce a high probability response.
What is the Probability differential hypothesis?
An abstract series of behavioral acts necessary for achieving a goal. It is more general than a script.
What are plans?
Final choices of alternative means-routes will always tend to occur in the direction of a minimum expenditure of physical energy.
What is the Tolman - Principle of Least Effort?