Historical Psychologists
The founder of psychoanalysis, this man will talk to you about your dreams and blame your slip of the tongue on unconscious bias
Sigmund Freud
This approach emphasizes the impact of people's culture, religion, ethnicity, gender, income level, and overall environment on the individuals they become
Sociocultural
These psychologists help athletes improve their performance. They often work with athletes on motivation, stress management, visualization, effective teamwork, and other psychological factors affecting athletic performance.
Sports psychologists
An inexpensive and quick descriptive method of gaining information about people's opinions, attitudes, and perceptions. Study participants receive a list of questions to answer. Participation in most of these things is not random (because often only people with extreme positions may respond, or many will not respond because of the kinds of questions asked), and the wording of the questions can greatly change the answers
Surveys
This is the variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment (trying to keep all other variables constant)
Independent Variable
The father of psychology and the first person to study humans in a laboratory setting, this man used introspection, which required people to report their conscious experiences (sensations, perceptions, and first reactions) in relation to a number of objects.
Wilhelm Wundt
This perspective examines how genetics, the nervous system, hormones, and brain structures influence a person's thinking and behavior
Biological
These individuals are medical doctors who can work with patients to find and prescribe the right medications to accurately treat mental disorders and illnesses.
Psychiatrists
Even though two variables might be related (which might be helpful for making predictions and decisions about behavior), correlation is not______________.
Causation!
In this phenomenon, interviewees or those responding to surveys may answer in a way they believe the interviewer wants them to or in a way that makes them appear kind, empathetic, or otherwise acceptable to mainstream society
Social Desirability Bias
This woman completed all of the necessary work for a Ph.D. in psychology, but Harvard refused to grant her the degree. She conducted early studies on memory and served as the first woman president of the APA.
Mary Whiton Calkins
These psychologists would argue that human thought processes and behavior have been adapted to give individuals or their genes a better chance for survival in the future (ex: people might dislike bitter foods because they have historically been more poisonous to eat)
Evolutionary
These individuals apply psychology in the areas of investigation, research, and observations related to criminal, civil, and family matters.
Forensic psychologists
This type of descriptive research involves getting an in-depth look at an individual or small group of individuals who share some kind of characteristic that researchers want to investigate. They can be beneficial for the individual involved, but often cannot be generalized to the larger population because of the unique characteristics of the individual(s) studied.
Case Studies
To make sure that certain segments of a population are equally represented, a researcher will create subgroups (or categories) within the population, and then randomly select members from each of those subgroups so that each of these subgroups has an equal chance of becoming members of the sample for the study. This is called______________
Stratified Sampling
Founder of Gestalt psychology, where psychologists would argue that the human experience is an organized whole of which the pieces (or individual sensations/perceptions) are an integral part, this man's work was a revolt against structuralism
Max Wertheimer
This perspective is concerned with what we can observe and measure in a scientific way, often through the use of stimulus + response/reinforcement-style learning.
Behavioral
These psychologists are likely the professionals that most frequently come to mind when thinking about psychologists. They often work with individuals who may be suffering from psychological disorders in private practice or in a mental health clinic, and they need a Ph.D.
Clinical Psychologist
When conducting an experiment, participants must be randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the __________ group (who may receive nothing or a placebo)
Control
These are all the individuals who a psychologist is interested in studying. (Ex: everyone who likes to run, or everyone with depression, or all the kids in WEHS) Most of the time, psychologists cannot study all of these people and must take a sample of them that would represent the whole group so that they can try to generalize the results of their study to the larger __________________.
Population
Creator of the hierarchy of needs, this humanist believed that people strive to reach their highest potential, but can be limited by a poor environment
Abraham Maslow
This approach addresses how thinking, memory, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making influence behavior. Jean Piaget was one of this perspective's most famous psychologists. He studied how children's mental development unfolds.
Cognitive
These psychologists are often found in an office setting. They may work in human resources to find the best person for a job; they may work to increase worker morale, or they may be involved with training regarding productivity, sexual harassment, or other on-the-job trainings.
Industrial-organizational psychologists
A hypothesis needs to be testable/falsifiable, and we need to have clear definitions of how we will collect data and issue/measure our variables so that other researchers can _________ our study to see if they get similar results (and have greater confidence that our results did not happen by chance).
Replicate
In experiments, extraneous factors may interfere with the independent variable and have an impact on the outcome of a study. These extraneous factors are called __________. (Similarly, in a correlational study, these extraneous factors can cause a "third variable problem" where other variables are causing the two correlated variables to increase or decrease.)
Confounding Variables