Level 1
What is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder is also known as manic-depressive disorder, and it is one of the most distinct and dramatic forms of mental illnesses. It is characterized by intense episodes of elation and despair, with any combination of mood experiences in between, including periods of normal moods.
State the ABC(DEF) Framework
Activating Event/Diversity
Belief
Emotional and Behaviour Consequence
Disputing
Effective Philosophy
New Feeling
What is Affective Disorder?
Mental disorders characterized by disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent to be clearly maladaptive.
True or False? People with bipolar disorder are just weak. They could snap out of it if they really wanted to.
FALSE
What is the assessment of attitudes and symptoms of depression?
Beck Depression Inventory
What is Unipolar (major) Depression?
When a person's mood changes from normal to depressed *people suffering from this type of depression are usually aware their mood has changed and will seek help or make a spontaneous recovery.
What is the cognitive explanation by Beck, 1979?
Cognitive Distortion, Automatic process which develops as a result of earlier life experiences, through developing schemas. Adverse events activate the potential underlying assumptions, creating a negative bias towards new events.
What is polymorphism?
A variation in a gene or genes. Rather than the term ‘mutation’ which suggests a unique change, polymorphism refers to the different expressions that may be present in a normal population, even if that expression occurs infrequently
What are the changes in behavior in manic symptoms?
Changes in mood
Long period of feeling euphoric or ‘high’
Rage; irritability
Changes in behavior
Becoming easily distracted, having racing thoughts
Sudden interest in new activities or projects
Overconfidence in one’s abilities
Speaking quickly
Sleeping less or appearing not to need sleep
Engaging in risky behaviors (e.g. gambling, sexual promiscuity)
What is the aim of cognitive restructuring?
Cognitive restructuring aims to gain ‘entry into the patient’s cognitive organization’
Mention the cognitive triad
Negative views about the world
Negative views about one’s self
Negative views about the future
What are the changes in mood of manic and depressive symptoms?
Manic symptoms:
Long period of feeling euphoric or ‘high’
Rage; irritability
Depressive symptoms:
Long period of feeling sadness and despair
Loss of interest in enjoyable activities
State some of the healthy lifestyle habits that can help manage the symptoms of bipolar disorder.
Keep a consistent sleeping schedule.
Eat well and get regular exercise.
Always take your medicine as prescribed. You should do this even when your mood is stable.
Check with your doctor before taking over-the-counter supplements or any medications prescribed by another doctor.
Keep a mood journal.
Keep your primary care physician updated.
Avoid using alcohol and other drugs.
Minimize stress.
Try relaxation activities, like meditation or yoga.
Maintain a support network of family and friends there to help during a crisis.
What are schemas?
Early life experiences + learning
What is the goal therapy of REBT?
Goal of therapy: help individuals create and maintain constructive, rational patterns of thinking about their lives.
What is reality testing?
A talking therapy, based on one-to-one interactions between the patient with depression and their therapist.
What is stoicism?
Stoicism is a philosophy, one of the principles of which is that in the majority of cases, the individual is not directly affected by outside things but rather by their own perception of external things.
What are the changes in behavior of manic and depressive symptoms?
Manic symptoms:
Becoming easily distracted, having racing thoughts
Sudden interest in new activities or projects
Overconfidence in one’s abilities
Speaking quickly
Sleeping less or appearing not to need sleep
Engaging in risky behaviors (e.g. gambling, sexual promiscuity)
Depressive symptoms:
Struggling to concentrate or remember easily
Withdrawing from activities or friends
Fatigue or lethargy
Finding it difficult to make decisions
Change to appetite or sleeping patterns
Considering or attempting suicide
What is the treatment and management of depression in biochemicals?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) is an antidepressant that inhibits the work of an enzyme known as monoamine oxidase.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) is an antidepressant that acts on the neurotransmitter serotonin to stop it being reabsorbed and broken down once it has crossed a synapse in the brain.
What is cognitive restructuring?
A talking therapy, based on one-to-one interactions between the patient with depression and their therapist.
Give an example and describe for each ABC in the ABC model of psychological change?
A = Activating event
Example : Unsuccessful at a job interview
Description : Activating event or adversity in one’s life (not directly the cause of emotional upset or negative thinking).
B = Beliefs about event
Example : I’ll never get anywhere, I’m just not good enough
Description : Beliefs about the activating event which lead to emotional and behavioral problems.
C = Consequences : emotional and behavioral responses
Example : Feeling sad, tearful or angry Withdrawal from friends and family Refusal to apply for other work.
What is the treatment and management of depression in biochemicals?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) is an antidepressant that inhibits the work of an enzyme known as monoamine oxidase.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) is an antidepressant that acts on the neurotransmitter serotonin to stop it being reabsorbed and broken down once it has crossed a synapse in the brain.
4 main differences between CBT & REBT?
CBT:
- modify current behavior & thought processes (cognition)
- focuses on changing their thoughts
- addresses cognitive distortions (primarily)
- letting them discover misconceptions about themselves
REBT:
- modify current core beliefs
- addressing emotional disturbance and cognitions (has to be both)
- focuses on evaluating irrational beliefs
- highly directive, persuasive, and confrontative (disputing the ‘reported irrational beliefs
State the treatments for Bipolar Disorder with a combination of medication and therapy.
Medications. Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants can help manage mood swings and other symptoms. It is important to understand the benefits and risks of medications. People may need to try different medications before determining which works best for them. They should never stop taking medication without their doctor’s guidance.
“Talk therapy” (psychotherapy). Therapy helps people accept their disorder, recognize the warning signs of a manic or depressive episode, develop coping skills for handling stress, and stick with a medication schedule. Therapy also improves communication and relationships among families.
Long-term, continuous treatment. While there may be times between episodes where a person feels fine, a long-term, continuous treatment plan can reduce the severity and frequency of mood swings.
What is the difference between Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2 Disorder?
Bipolar I Disorder: having a history of at least one manic episode, but sometimes also having depressed or hypomanic episodes as well.
Bipolar II Disorder: mood states that vary from an even mood to high to low, but the highs are less extreme and are called hypomanic states. The depressive episodes may be just as severe as those in Major Depressive Disorder and/or Bipolar I Disorder.