Sensation and Perception
What organ is responsible for interpenetrating neural signals?
The brain
What is the awareness of ourselves, our surroundings, and our thoughts
Consciousness
Confirmation ________ is the tendency to seek, interpret, or remember information that supports an existing belief.
Bias
A student feels hungry whenever the school lunch bell rings because the bell has become associated with food. What is the bell an example of?
A Conditioned stimulus
What does "IQ" stand for?
Intelligent Quotient
Which sequence correctly describes the basic pathway of vision?
A. Retina → Lens → Cornea → Brain → Optic nerve
B. Pupil → Retina → Lens → Optic nerve → Brain
C. Cornea → Pupil → Lens → Retina → Optic nerve → Brain
D. Lens → Cornea → Optic nerve → Retina → Brain
C. Cornea → Pupil → Lens → Retina → Optic nerve → Brain
Which of the following is a major benefit of sleep?
A. Eliminating the need for memory
B. Preventing all emotional responses
C. Supporting memory consolidation and leaning
D. Stopping brain activity for several hours
C. Supporting memory consolidation and leaning
A student remembers facts about the American Revolution, such as the year the Declaration of Independence was adopted. Which type of memory is this?
A. Episodic memory
B. Implicit memory
C. Working memory
D. Semantic memory
D. Semantic memory
What is the primary difference between reinforcement and punishment?
A. Reinforcement always involves rewards, while punishment always involves removing rewards.
B. Reinforcement decreases behavior, while punishment increases behavior.
C. Reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases behavior.
D. Reinforcement and punishment both increase behavior.
C. Reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases behavior.
A child learns new words through conversations with adults, repeated experiences, and social interaction. Which approach to language development emphasizes these factors along with cognitive development?
A. Interactionist approach
B. Nativist approach
C. Anchoring approach
D. Learning-theory approach exclusively
A. Interactionist approach
Who is the artist we discussed who specialized in optical illusions?
M. C. Escher
Approximately how long does a complete sleep cycle last?
90 minutes
What do optical illusions demonstrate about perception?
A. The brain actively interprets sensory information rather than simply copying reality.
B. The eyes always provide a completely accurate representation of reality.
C. Perception occurs without the influence of context or expectations.
D. Sensory information is interpreted identically by everyone in every situation.
A. The brain actively interprets sensory information rather than simply copying reality.
Which psychologist is associated with observational learning and the Bobo doll study?
Albert Bandura
Which psychologist theorized that there are 8 different intelligences?
Howard Gardner
What Gestalt principle mentally fills in gaps to perceive a complete object?
Closure
What state of consciousness involves focused attention and increased suggestibility.
Hypnosis
Which part of the eye contains photoreceptors called rods and cones?
The Retina
Mentally calculating the answer to a math problem is an example of what kind of memory?
Working memory
A mental shortcut that is often useful but does not guarantee a correct answer.
A heuristic
What is the primary function of cones in the eye?
Providing color and detailed vision
What theory suggests the brain attempts to organize and interpret neural activity during sleep and dreaming?
activation-synthesis theory
What does linguistic relativity propose?
Language can influence how people notice, categorize, and remember experiences.
What is the 3 step sequence correctly describes the processes of memory?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
In a speech a candidate running for school board emphasizes that schooling, stress, health, and culture can affect test performance. This candidate is stressing the importance of ____________ in learning outcomes.
Nurture or Environment