Interpersonal
What did Latané and Darley's (1969) study investigate?
Bystander intervention — how likely people are to help in an emergency depending on the presence of other bystanders.
What is the difference between primary and secondary socialisation?
Primary socialisation occurs within the family; secondary socialisation occurs through other influences such as media and schooling.
What are the three components of the tri-component model of attitudes?
Cognitive, affective, and behavioural components.
What is the difference between an individualist and a collectivist culture?
Individualist cultures prioritise personal goals, independence and individual achievement; collectivist cultures prioritise group goals, interdependence and social harmony.
This ocean animal has three hearts and blue blood.
Octopus
Name two personal characteristics that influence prosocial behaviour.
Any two of: empathy, mood, competence, altruism.
Name the three types of group social influence described in the syllabus.
Compliance, identification, and internalisation.
What is the difference between implicit and explicit attitudes?
Explicit attitudes are consciously held and can be reported; implicit attitudes are automatic, unconscious evaluations that can influence behaviour without a person's awareness.
Distinguish between multiculturalism and pluralism.
Multiculturalism involves multiple cultures coexisting within a dominant culture; pluralism involves multiple cultures coexisting with no single dominant culture.
On this planet, a single day lasts longer than a full year.
Venus
What is "diffusion of responsibility" and how does it relate to helping behaviour?
The tendency to feel less personal responsibility to act when other people are present, because responsibility is spread across the group — this can reduce the likelihood of helping in a group setting (the bystander effect).
What did Milgram's (1963) study investigate, and what did it find?
It investigated obedience to authority; it found that a majority of participants were willing to administer what they believed were dangerous electric shocks to another person simply because an authority figure instructed them to.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to overemphasise dispositional (personality-based) explanations for other people's behaviour while underestimating situational factors.
Name three psychological challenges associated with immigration and acculturation.
Culture shock, assimilation, and marginalisation.
Botanically, this yellow fruit is a berry, while a strawberry is not.
Banana
According to the General Aggression Model (GAM), how can predictions be made about single versus multiple episodes of aggression?
For a single episode, personal factors (e.g. traits) and situational factors (e.g. provocation) combine to shape a person's internal state (arousal, cognition, affect), which drives their appraisal and decision, leading to an aggressive or non-aggressive outcome. Across multiple episodes, each outcome can feed back into future episodes, potentially reinforcing aggressive personality traits and scripts over time.
What did Haney, Banks and Zimbardo's (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrate about status, roles and power?
That when given power and assigned roles (guard vs prisoner), ordinary people can quickly begin to conform to and abuse those roles, showing the powerful influence of situational factors on behaviour (the study has since been critiqued, e.g. by Le Texier 2019, for demand characteristics and data collection issues).
Explain cognitive dissonance theory, using an example.
When there is a discrepancy between attitudes, cognitions and behaviours, this creates psychological discomfort that motivates a person to reduce it — e.g. by changing their attitude, justifying their behaviour, or seeking new information. Example: a smoker who values health may reduce dissonance by downplaying health risks or deciding to quit.
According to McMillan & Chavis (1986), what four elements contribute to a "sense of community"?
Membership, influence, integration and fulfilment of needs, and shared emotional connection.
Despite being covered in ice, this continent is the world’s largest desert because deserts are defined by low precipitation.
Antartica
Using Rollie & Duck's phase model, outline the five stages of relationship dissolution.
Intrapsychic phase (personal dissatisfaction), dyadic phase (confrontation with the partner), social phase (going public, involving friends/family), grave-dressing phase (creating a narrative about the breakup), and resurrection phase (moving on and preparing for future relationships).
Compare social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, and biological theory as explanations of gender role formation.
Social learning theory explains gender roles as learned through modelling and reinforcement of gender-typical behaviour. Cognitive developmental theory holds that children actively construct their understanding of gender as their cognitive abilities mature. Biological theory attributes gender role differences to biological factors such as hormones and brain differences.
Describe social identity theory with reference to social categorisation, social identification and social comparison.
Social categorisation is dividing people into groups (in-group/out-group); social identification is adopting the identity of one's own group; social comparison is evaluating one's own group favourably against other groups to boost self-esteem — a process that can contribute to in-group favouritism and prejudice.
Describe two conditions, according to the syllabus, that help reduce prejudice through intergroup contact.
The contact should be sustained (ongoing, not one-off) and should involve superordinate goals, mutual interdependence, and equality of status between groups.
The only part of the human body that has no blood supply is this clear layer at the front of the eye; it gets oxygen directly from the air.
Cornea