Pavlovian Conditioning
Every time someone microwaves popcorn, the smell makes a student instantly feel excited for movie night. What type of learning is this?
Classical conditioning.
You buckle your seatbelt to stop the annoying dinging. What consequence is this?
Negative reinforcement.
What type of memory helps you remember facts for a test?
Explicit memory.
Learning by watching others is called what?
Observational learning.
Learning is generally defined as a change in what?
Behavior
In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
The meat/food.
A child gets extra chores after yelling at a sibling. What consequence is this?
Positive punishment
What type of memory helps you ride a bike without thinking?
Implicit/procedural memory
What type of neurons help us imitate actions we observe?
Mirror neurons
Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus creates what process?
Acquisition
A person used to fear needles, but after many calm doctor visits, the fear fades. What is this process?
Extinction
A teenager loses their phone after breaking curfew. What consequence is this?
Negative punishment.
Remembering the first and last items in a list best describes what effect?
Serial position effect.
What famous experiment shows that children learn through observation?
The Bobo Doll Experiment
Fearing only bees but not flies or butterflies is what concept?
Discrimination
Someone fears all loud buzzing insects after being stung by a bee. What concept is this?
Generalization
A dog gets a treat every time it sits. What reinforcement schedule is this?
Continuous reinforcement
Believing you remember something that never happened is what memory error?
False memory.
In observational learning, what is the person being watched called?
A model
A person takes Tylenol and their headache goes away, making them more likely to take it again. What principle is this?
Negative reinforcement.
Label this example: A student feels nervous when hearing a bell that sounds like the school bell.
Identify NS, US, CS, CR.
NS – Similar bell
US – School bell ending class
CS – Similar bell
CR – Feeling nervous
Explain the difference between negative reinforcement and positive punishment.
Negative reinforcement – Removes something bad.
Positive punishment – Adds something unpleasant.
Name the three stages of the information-processing model of memory.
Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
A child sees an older sibling rewarded for chores and then starts doing chores. What concept is this?
Vicarious reinforcement
In the Little Albert study with the white rat, identify:
NS, US, UR, CS, CR.
NS – White rat
US – Loud noise
UR – Fear/startle
CS – White rat
CR – Fear of rat