Psychostimulants (ch.6 & 7)

Types

100

Also know as kiddie coke 

Methylphenidate (Ritaline)

200

Derived from Nicotiana tabacum

Nicotine 

300

Caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline 

Xanthines 

400

Although mass produced in 'crystal labs' users often prefer the freebase version of this psychostimulant

Cocaine (or crack cocaine)

500

You definitely do not want to take a 'bath' with these (Looking for the scientific (chem) name, not the street name)

Cathinones (aka bath salts) 

Mechanisms

100

Blocks membrane transporters for monoamines and increases DA transport into vesicles

Cocaine 

200

Blocks adenosine receptors

Caffeine 

300

Causes monoamine transporters to run in reverse and displace DA in synaptic vesicles

Amphetamines 

400

These two drugs resemble but have weaker efficacy than amphetamines

Methylphenidate and Cathinones 

500

Tobacco consumption increases DA release in the NA from nicotine binding to and activating ACh nicotinic receptors. Other chemicals in tobacco increase DA concentrations in the NA through this mechanism.

Inhibition of MAO enzymes 

Acute Effects

100

Purposeless behavior in humans after consuming high doses of a psychostimulant 

Punding 

200

Psychostimulant induced tactile hallucination is characterized by feeling of insects crawling underneath the skin. 

Formication 

300

Behavioral testing procedures used to distinguish the subjective effects of drugs.

Drug discrimination procedures. 

400

Weaker nicotine effects on heart rate and blood pressure after a single nicotine administration.

Acute tolerance 

500

Nonsmokers typically feel these types of subjective effects, such as disequilibrium and nausea, after a single administration of nicotine.

Negative 

Chronic Effects

100

These type symptoms characterize psychostimulant withdrawal (or this type of dependence).

Psychological 

200

Lack of dental hygiene, consuming lots of sugary drinks, and enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity often leads to this.

Meth mouth 

300

Repeated use of psychostimulants leads to sensitization of these types of behaviors. 

Purposeless

400

Rodents in an open-field apparatus will initially show low levels of this after first consuming nicotine, but, over time we observe sensitization for this.

Locomotor activity (increased psychomotor function)

500

Example of cancer causing agents found in tobacco. 

Nitrosamines 

Addiction & Treatment

100

While the DSM mentions withdrawal for this substance that has mild psychostimulant properties, it does not have its own category under substance use disorders in the DSM. 

Caffeine 

200

People with the C-1021T polymorphism are more likely to have negative subjective effects from taking psychostimulants and less likely to be chronic users. This polymorphism probably achieves this by lowering the levels  of this enzyme.

Beta-hydroxylase 

300

This drug is also used to treat alcohol addiction but may also be used to increase negative subjective effects in psychostimulant abusers by blocking beta-hydroxylase activity.

Disulfiram 

400

These people fail to develop an addiction to tobacco.

Chippers 

500

Reaching this many weeks of smoking abstinence is the strongest predictor for long-term success.

2 weeks