quotes
“And that all men may be restrained from invading others’ rights,… the execution of the law of nature is, in that state, put into every man’s hands”
Locke
"[T]he right of man to freedom is not based on the association of man with man but rather on the separation on man from man. It is the right of this separation, the right of the restricted individual, restricted to himself."
Marx
What does King argue about freedom in his letter from Birmingham Jail?
Freedom is never given by the oppressor - must be demanded
Who argues that the first priority of human beings in insecurity is to find security (short run) through self-defense and (long term) by ending a state of war?
Hobbes
what does Locke argue that liberalism is?
"I have earnestly opposed violent tension, but there is a type of constructive, nonviolent tension which is necessary for growth."
MLK Jr
“Reason is the pace; increase of science, the way; and the benefit of mankind, the end.”
Hobbes
What does Aristotle deems as being a citizen?
a citizen participates in "deliberative and judicial office"
Who believes that individuals have no concept of good or evil, but of self-preservation?
Rousseau
What does Pateman think makes “contract” such a model of “free agreement among equals"?
The basic idea of a contract is an agreement about "exchange"
“There is hardly a modern thinker who does not agree that government, organized authority, or the State, is necessary only to maintain or protect property and monopoly. It has proven efficient in that function only"
"The first person who, having enclosed a plot of land, took it into his head to say this is mine and found people simple enough to believe him, was the true founder of civil society."
What is Hobbes' approach to politics?
Scientific- stripped of religious or metaphysical assumptions, motivations of human beings must be restricted to what we can observe and specify with plain senses
Who believes that a perfect personality is only possible in a state of society where man is free to choose the mode of work, the conditions, and the freedom to work?
Goldman
Private use of reason: one must function as "part of the machine" - civil servant
Public use of reason: when one can act "as a scholar" before a reading public
"For this enlightenment, however, nothing is required but freedom, and indeed the least harmful of anything that could even be called freedom: namely, freedom to make public use of one’s reason in all matters…."
Kant
"Women are, in common with men, rendered weak and luxurious by the relaxing pleasures which wealth procures; but added to this they are made slaves to their persons, and must render them alluring that man may lend them his reason to guide their tottering steps aright"
Wollstonecraft
according to Patemen, What is the sexual contract?
the basis of Western society is built upon the contractual oppression of women in order to uphold a patriarchal regime
Who thinks that labor subjects those to intersubjective alienation- treating each other in terms of their economic value?
Marx
What does Marx argue about alienated (estranged) labor?
labor produces not only commodities; it produces itself and the worker as a commodity - the object which labor produces confronts it as something alien, as a power independent of the producer
alienation of the worker from their own work - for the capitalist not themselves
"Anyone who is without a city-state, not by luck but by
nature, is either a poor specimen or else superhuman"
Aristotle
"Children, servants, wives, peasants, workers and subjects and citizens, in the state would, it was feared, cease to obey their superiors if their bond between them came to be understood as mere conventional or contractual, and thus open to the whim and caprice of voluntary commitment."
What does Wollstonecraft argue about natural rights with women?
Who argues that enlightenment is emergence from "self-incurred minority"
Kant
What does Rousseau about human nature?
Human nature changed according to social environment
- humans pursued a benign form of self-preservation and compassion
- competitive egoism - drive to subject one another