Experimental Studies
clinical-epidemiological experiment in which subjects are randomly allocated into groups individuals randomized into two groups, to receive or no to receive a preventive or a therapeutic procedure or intervention
Randomized control trial (RCT)
Used by the participants in the control; inactive comparison that is similar to the therapy being tested
Placebo
the participants are unaware of whether they are participating in the treatment or control conditions
Single blinded
A/B
Ratio
[# deaths in a given year/ Reference population (midpoint of the year)] x 100,000
Total Mortality Rate
communities/populations are assigned into two groups, randomly or non-randomly in which the intervention is designed for changes at the population level
Community trials
participants are exposed to a new treatment or new diagnostic tool that are being tested
Intervention group ("exposure group")
A RCT is considered this type of study
Experimental Study
A/(A+B)
Proportion
[# deaths due to a specific cause during a time period/ Total # deaths due to all causes during the same time period] X 100
Proportionate Mortality
Type of research in which the investigator manipulates the study factor but does not assign individual participants randomly to the exposed and non-exposed groups
Quasi-experimental study
A process whereby chance determines the subjects’ likelihood of assignment to either an intervention group or a control group
Randomization
used when testing a procedure; designed to look and feel like a real clinical procedure use as a control for active procedure that is being tested for efficacy
Sham procedure
Percent
[# deaths due to disease “X” in a time frame/ # cases of disease “X” in that time frame] X 100
Case Fatality Rate
Pools together the sample populations from different studies, such as Randomized Controlled Trials, into one statistical analysis and treats them as one large sample population with one conclusion
Meta Analyses
designed to test preventive measures
Prophylactic trial
Expensive and time consuming, Complicated and difficult to carry out, Participants may be lost to follow-up during the study, compliance may be difficult
Limitations of RCT
[(# new cases of disease in a time frame)/ (# of people at risk at the start of that time frame)] X Multiplier
Cumulative Incidence (Incidence proportion)
(AD)/(BC)
Odds Ratio
Experimental studies are typically regulated by a detailed protocol must be submitted to an [blank] for review and approval
Institutional Review board (IRB)
evaluates new treatment methods
Therapeutic trial
Randomization maximizes comparability between groups, Exposure is well-defined, Temporality between exposure and outcome is well defined, Blinding (single/double) is feasible
Strengths of RCT
(# cases of disease at a specified time)/(# people in the population at that time)
Prevalence *remember this includes new and existing cases of disease or illness
[A/(A+B)]/[C/(C+D)]
Relative Risk