Experimental Studies
clinical-epidemiological experiment in which subjects are randomly allocated into groups individuals randomized into two groups, to receive or no to receive a preventive or a therapeutic procedure or intervention
Randomized control trial (RCT)
Used by the participants in the control; inactive comparison that is similar to the therapy being tested
Placebo
the participants are unaware of whether they are participating in the treatment or control conditions
Single blinded
A/B
Ratio
[# deaths due to a specific cause during a time period/ Total # deaths due to all causes during the same time period] X 100
Proportionate mortality
communities/populations are assigned into two groups, randomly or non-randomly in which the intervention is designed for changes at the population level
Community trials
participants are exposed to a new treatment or new diagnostic tool that are being tested
Intervention group ("exposure group")
Randomization maximizes comparability between groups, Exposure is well-defined, Temporality between exposure and outcome is well defined, Blinding (single/double) is feasible
Strengths of RCT
A/(A+B)
Proportion
[# deaths due to disease “X” in a time frame/ # cases of disease “X” in that time frame] X 100
Case Fatality Rate
Type of research in which the investigator manipulates the study factor but does not assign individual participants randomly to the exposed and non-exposed groups
Quasi-experimental study
A process whereby chance determines the subjects’ likelihood of assignment to either an intervention group or a control group
Randomization
used when testing a procedure; designed to look and feel like a real clinical procedure use as a control for active procedure that is being tested for efficacy
Sham procedure
(# cases of disease at a specified time)/(# people in the population at that time)
Prevalence
(AD)/(BC)
Odds Ratio
Experimental studies are typically regulated by a detailed protocol must be submitted to an [blank] for review and approval
Institutional Review Board
both the participants and investigators(researchers) are unaware of whether they are participating in the treatment or control conditions
Double-blinded study
Expensive and time consuming, Complicated and difficult to carry out, Participants may be lost to follow-up during the study, compliance may be difficult
Limitations of RCT
[(# new cases of disease in a time frame)/ (# of people at risk at the start of that time frame)] X Multiplier
Cumulative Incidence (Incidence proportion)
[A/(A+B)]/[C/(C+D)]
Relative Risk