Experimental Studies
Investigators assign [blank] to study subjects
Exposure
What does cohort mean?
Group
Case control studies are a logical extension of what other type of study/
Cohort
Cross-sectional studies are defined by exposure and disease being collected when?
At the same point in time
What type of measure is cumulative incidence?
Proportion
This key part of experimental studies provide the best opportunity to control for confounding and avoid certain biases
Randomization
Which type of cohort study is better for disease with long latency
Retrospective
What measure of effect is used in case-control studies
Odds Ratio
Name 2 disadvantages of cross sectional studies
Temporality, Recall bias, not efficient for rare events
What type of measure would you use to calculate the difference between two measures of disease frequency in index vs reference groups
Absolute Measure
The extent to which the results from a study can be extended to people who did not participate in the study
Generalizability
What measure of disease frequency can you NOT use in cohort studies
Prevalence
Two necessary requirements when selecting controls?
Controls from same source population & controls selected independently of exposure
Ecological studies are at what unit of observation?
group
Name that measure: IR exposed / IR unexposed
Rate Ratio
When the experimenter and subject are unaware of what group participants are in this is called...
Double Blind
High levels of loss to follow-up can result in a decrease in sample size and what?
Bias
If the controls had experienced the outcome, would they have been selected into the study. What is this criterion called?
The "Would Criterion"
Group-level association may not necessarily represent the association at the individual level. Name this phenomenon
Ecologic Fallacy
With a risk ratio of 2.15, what is the % of excess relative risk
115%
What measure of effect do we use with experimental studies?
Incidence (cumulative or incidence rate)
Name 3 advantages of a cohort study
temporality, efficient for rare exposures, can assess multiple outcomes for a single exposure, can measure disease incidence or risk
What measure is the probability that it will occur divided by the probability that it wont occur
Odds Ratio