TFW
Human Behavior (Session 3)
Human Behavior (Session 3)
This gives individuals financial risk protection (think in terms of risks from healthcare expenses)
What is health insurance?
This occurs when the supply = demands to allocate resources efficiently
What is market equilibrium?
Impacts of public health policy options can be evaluated in this part of a policy design/ analysis
What is solution analysis?
Smaller sample sizes and subjectivity are a limitation of this type of data
This term means that the study measured what it intended to measure
What is internal validity?
In this type of study design the treatment and effect measured at same point in time
What is a cross-sectional study design?
Someone who prefers “a bird in the hand to two in the bush”
Risk Averse
This places an intermediary role in the medical triad
What/who is an insurer?
Stakeholder analysis is a method to assess this
What is political feasibility?
This is an example of a federal survey
What is ACS, NHIS, MEPS, BRFSS, CPS?
When A varies with B
What is a correlation?
This describes the level of uncertainty in the predictions of the policy options on the policy goal
What is a policy analysis?
Individuals with the poorest health will sign up for policies with the most generous benefits
Adverse Selection
Insurers can affect the demand of healthcare primarily by this mechanism
Limiting access
These types of studies are considered to the HIGHEST level of evidence
What are systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCT's?
In this type of dataset study participants are followed over time and includes multiple rounds of survey interviews over a period of time
What is longitudinal or a panel data?
Observed or unobserved differences in people in different groups under study.
What is selection bias?
This term means that the study results can be extrapolated to other settings and populations
What is external validity?
This terms means that as more of the good is consumed, the additional satisfaction from another bite will eventually decline
What is diminishing marginal utility?
Extending the outcome of buyer and seller transactions to those indirectly affected
What is an externality?
Per Kingdon, when these 3 streams align, it creates a window of opportunity
What are problem, policy and political streams?
This type of data consists of the billing codes that physicians, pharmacies, hospitals, and other health care providers submit to payers
What are claims?
This is randomized in a RCT
Loss of subjects to treatment or measurement
What is attrition?
Deductibles, co-payments and co-insurance are policy tools to curb this kind of behavior
What is moral hazard?
This index is a measure of market concentration
What is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)?
The recommendations by this entity carry a great deal of weight with payers who are expected to include those specific services in their coverage
What is the USPSTF?
The type of research which involves talking to people, gathering raw data, or finding published reports, memoranda, or other organizational documents
What is field research?
Naturally occurring changes over time could be confused with treatment effect (i.e. growing older, hungrier, more tired, etc.).
What is maturation bias?
These are concrete set of actions
What are policy options/alternatives?
This terms means: patients lack information about treatment options and efficacies OR providers and insurers may not know the complete medical history or health status
What is information asymmetry?
When there is a smaller number of firms/insurers/hospitals that constitute the total market share, the HHI is said to be ____
What is a highly concentrated HHI?
In this type of research method, data can be collected from multiple stakeholders in a short time
What is a focus group?
The process of selecting people for inclusion in a study, survey, or a poll
What is sampling?
It is not really an experiment because the policy/intervention cannot usually be manipulated. It also is described as a study that contrasts a naturally occurring event with a comparison condition.
What is a natural experiment?
Costs and benefits are measured in monetary units
What is a cost-benefit analysis?
In this insurance design, copayments are reduced for clinically valuable services
What is value-based cost-sharing?
When there is only buyer in the market (e.g. only one insurance company)
What is monopsonization or monopsony?
The use of resources to get the best value
What is efficiency?
If you need data on the lab results or the provider's notes during the clinical interaction, you may find them here
What is an EMR?
A study in which the intervention is deliberately introduced to observe its effects but the intervention is not assigned randomly
The group with employer-sponsored health insurance is tackling this issue
What is surprise medical billing?
These can motivate and change both human and market behaviors
What are incentives?
When a hospital buys out either one or multiple private provider practices, it is this type of consolidation
An example of measuring an health outcome
What is mortality, life expectancy, self-reported status, years of life lost?
Convenience, purposive or snowballing techniques are examples of this type of sampling
What is non-probability sampling?
This terms means: "what would have happened to the same people if they simultaneously had not received treatment"
What is a counterfactual?
Selecting people from a list by using intervals, e.g. where every nth person who exits the poll is selected
What is systematic sampling?
Denying coverage for pre-existing conditions was one way in which the health insurance plans did this
What is supply-side selection or risk-selection or cream-skimming?
This measures the change in demand associated with a 1% increase in price
What is the price elasticity of demand?
The degree to which the rich pay more than the poor. Or the degree to which the poor receive more social benefits than the rich
What is vertical equity?
In this sampling method the researcher selects people from a population to make statistical inferences about the population
What is random sampling?
Auto-correlation and lag can be a challenge in this type of study design
What is a time-series?
In a cost-effectiveness analysis, the desirable program consequences are not valued in monetary terms, but rather measured in some other unit like these
What is # of cases prevented, QALYs?
HMO, PPO and Gate-keeping by a primary care providers are features of this kind of a supply-side tool of an insurance design
What is managed care?
When the government prevents individuals from engaging in behavior that is likely to cause them harm in the long run
What is paternalism?
This framework to understand the policy process suggests that current policies create externalities that can affect future policies, beware of quick fixes or radical proposals
What is the path/state dependence framework?
This is a limitation of claims data
What is cannot capture under-diagnosed conditions or Incomplete diagnosis information or Coding errors or Limited clinical information or Variable quality?
This method compares the difference between two before-after differences
What is difference in differences?
When individuals over-use healthcare after they have fallen sick
Ex-post moral hazard
In healthcare, the agent in the principle-agent relationship is....
The physician/provider
A nonrival and nonexlusive good is a type of this
What is a public good?
An measure of inefficiency
Dead weight loss
In this type of study design, one identifies a group of people by an outcome and compares it to a group of people who do not have the outcome on a set of risk factors of interest
What is a case-control study design?
The premise behind this method is that the people right above and below the cutoff are very similar
What is regression discontinuity?
Methods to analyze RCT
What is Intention to Treat or Treatment of Treated?
This is an example of a positive consumption externality
What is vaccination/immunization?
This is one of the mechanism by which the government can reduce information asymmetry in the healthcare market
What is shared-decision making, price transparency, quality performance rating, guaranteeing minimum practice standards?
Using persuasive language to frame issues in favorable ways is this type of a political strategy
What is a rhetoric?
The investigators jump back in time to identify a useful cohort which was initially free of disease and 'at risk' in this type of study design
What is a retrospective cohort study design?
RCT's eliminate this type of bias through the randomization process
What is selection bias?