Show:
Well that's Aud
The Great Outdoors
This is How We Do It
You're Special
Groupiez
100
Why should speakers use audiovisual aids? (3)
1) Make your speech more interesting 2) Can simplify a complex topic 3) Can help your audience remember your speech
100
What are the types of audiences a speaker may encounter and how does a speaker modify their topic for each type? (2)
1) Central: denotes a high level of elaboration - a mental process that involves actively processing a speaker's arguments. 2) Peripheral: uses tangential cues (low elaboration), such as attractiveness of the speaker, flashy presentation aids, or certain aspects of the speaker's delivery. -Strategic discourse: process of selecting supporting arguments that will best persuade the audience in an ethical manner.
100
What are the elements of credibility? (3)
1) Competence 2) Trustworthiness 3) Goodwill
100
Define the word: epideictic.
Epideictic: speaking that praises or blames
100
What are group dynamics and how do they impact small groups?
Group dynamics: the ways in which members relate to one another and view their functions. -Determine whether a group achieves its mission
200
What are the types of audiovisual aids? (6)
1) The speaker 2) Assistants 3) Objects 4) Printed materials (maps, charts, photos) 5) Videos and DVDs 6) Digital visual aids
200
How can you adequately acknowledge your listeners' reservations?
Use a two-sided argument: briefly note an argument against your thesis, and then use evidence and reasoning to refute that argument.
200
How can you lose your credibility (and how can you avoid doing so?)? (4)
1) Getting your facts wrong 2) Pronouncing words incorrectly 3) Failing to acknowledge potential conflicts of interest 4) Stretching to find a connection with the audience Careful preparation can help you avoid credibility-draining mistakes.
200
What are the six most common types of special-occasion speeches?
1) Speech of introduction 2) Speech of presentation 3) Speech of acceptance 4) Speech to memorialize or eulogize 5) Speech to celebrate 6) After-dinner speech
200
What are the three types of leaders?
1) Designated 2) Implied 3) Emergent
300
What are the aspects of audience analysis that merit special consideration when choosing audiovisual aids? (3)
1) Forum 2) Demographics 3) Prior exposure
300
How can a persuasive speaker ensure that they are using ethical strategies? (4)
1) Help your audience make an informed decision 2) Research your facts 3) Note any biases 4) Attribute your research properly
300
How can you effectively and properly use evidence in your speeches? (6)
1) Identify your sources and their qualifications 2) Give listeners new evidence 3) Provide precise evidence 4) Look for compelling evidence 5) Characterize your evidence accurately 6) Use reasoning
300
What are the five general guidelines for special-occasion speaking?
1) Appeal to your audience's emotions 2) Match your delivery to the mood of the occasion 3) Adapt to your audience's expectations 4) Evoke shared values 5) Respect time constraints
300
What are the three types of member roles in a group?
1) Task-oriented 2) Maintenance-oriented 3) Self-oriented
400
What are the guidelines for preparing audiovisual aids? (5)
1) Consider the forum 2) Consider your audience 3) Make your aids support your points 4) Keep your aids simple and clear 5) Rehearse with your aids
400
What are the differences between fact, value, and policy claims?
1) Fact: assures that something is true or false 2) Value: attaches a judgement to a subject 3) Policy: advocates actions by organizations, institutions, or members of your audience
400
What are the different kinds of reasoning that the chapter highlights? Provide examples (4)
1) Example: Present specific instances to support a general claim. (Ex: Stats show that endangered species are making a comeback) 2) Comparison: You argue that two instances are similar, so that what you know is true for one instance is likely to be true for the other (Ex: Prohibition of alcohol didn't work so neither will the prohibition of marijuana) 3) Sign: You claim that a fact is true because indirect indicators (signs) are consistent with that fact. (Ex: You claim that college students are facing serious financial challenges, as evidenced by students working longer hours) 4) Causal: You argue that one event has caused another (Ex: Kids playing violent video games causes them to commit crimes)
400
What are the specific strategies for each type of special-occasion speech? (It's a long one)
1) Speech of intro: - Be patient - Use attention-getters - Modulate your volume - Be focused and brief 2) Speech of of presentation: - Adopt the persona of a presenter - Explain the significance and background of the award or honor - Connect the recipient's background to the award's criteria - Use appropriate presentation aids 3) Speech of acceptance: - Use appropriate volume and articulation - Show genuine humility - Remember that less is more 4) Speech to memorialize or eulogize: - Focus on celebrating a person's life - Use humor judiciously - Don't be afraid to show your emotions 5) Speech to celebrate: - Aim for brevity - Use humor appropriately 6) After-dinner speech: - Focuses on humorous anecdotes and narrative delivery, not jokes - Practice your storytelling and narrative delivery - Link your speech to the occasion's theme - Adapt your delivery to your audience and the occasion
400
What is the reflective thinking process and what are the steps for using the reflective thinking process?
Reflective thinking process: five-step strategy for group decision making 1) Define the problem 2) Analyze the problem 3) Establish criteria for solving problems 4) Generate possible solutions 5) Select the best solution
500
What are the four guidelines for using audiovisual aids during your speech?
1) Make sure everyone can see and hear your aids 2) Control audience interaction with your aids 3) Maintain eye contact 4) Remember the purpose of your aids
500
What organizational patterns could be used to organize each claim?
1) Fact: Causal, Comparison, Categorical 2) Value: Criteria-Application, Categorical 3) Policy: Monroe's Motivated Sequence, Problem-Cause-Solution
500
Name, explain and show how you can avoid each of the logical fallacies. (This will be a long answer) (9)
1) Hasty Generalization: Occurs when a speaker bases a conclusion on limited or unrepresentative examples. (Ex: assuming a man seen carrying pills is a drug dealer) 2) Post hoc: The assumption that just because one event followed another, the first event caused the second. But this sequence in events, in itself, does not prove causality (Ex: college expands its library and students' grades go up. The expansion of the library didn't necessarily cause that) 3) Reversed causality: Missing the fact that the effect is actually the cause. (Ex: the rise of academic success may have caused the library expansion) 4) ad populum (bandwagon): assuming that is a statement is T/F because a large number of people say it is. (Ex: believing someone died because people tweet about it) -Avoid using public-opinion polls to prove facts 5) Ad Hominem (personal attack): Compensating for weak arguments by making personal attacks against an opponent rather than addressing the issue at question. (Ex: Candidate name-calling to divert from issues) 6) Straw person: Substituting a real claim with a weaker claim that a speaker can more easily refute. (Ex: Bill Clinton having an affair was "part of his personal life", but he still lied under oath) 7) Slippery slope: You argue against a policy because you assume (without proof) that it will lead to some second policy that's undesirable. (Ex: "we can't legalize gay marriage because then people will want to start marrying their pets") 8) False dilemma: You claim that there are only two possible choices to address a problem, that one of those choices is wrong, and therefore your listeners must embrace the other choice. (Ex: must get an advanced degree immediately after you graduate or you'll never find a job in this market) 9) Appeal to tradition: You argue that an idea or policy is good because people have accepted it for a long time. (Ex: must continue to require Gen-Eds because students have always taken them) -Avoid by showing why the tradition is worth preserving.
500
Where should the focus be in a special-occasion speech?
Focus on the event, person, etc. NOT yourself
500
What are some considerations that one must keep in mind for each type of group speech venue?
1) Symposium: Speaking in a group, respect time constraints, make sure group members are on the same page so nothing gets repeated 2) Panel discussion: group discussion, contribute without monopolizing discussion, be professional when disagreeing 3) Single group representative: check that group has decided the best approach for the presentation, think through all aspects of the speech, distinguish whether you're representing your views or the entire group's, acknowledge group members' ideas