Show:
Receptors
Oxygen
V/Q
Obstructive
Restrictive
100

these receptors are responsible for sensing an increase in CO2, and therefor increase breathing rate and depth to increase oxygen

central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata

100

what receptors in the venous system detect O2 levels to regulate breathing?

 NONE!!! do not exist

100

Where in the lung is perfusion the highest?

Highest in bottom, followed by main pulmonary artery, then top

100
  • Permanent, destructive abnormal enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole with destruction of the alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis

Emphysema

100
  • Lung (alveolar) collapse due to loss of air volume
  • Failure of lungs to inflate

Alectasis

200

Acidosis _____ rate and ______ depth, while alkalosis _____ rate and ______ depth


(increases or decreases)

  • Acidosis: rate increases, depth increases
  • Alkalosis: rate decrease, depth decreases
200

What is Henrys Law in regard to oxygen concentration of oxygen in and outside the lung?

the amount of gas absorbed by a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure and solubility of the gas in liquid

greater the pressure gradient, greater the diffusion

concentration of oxygen does not change from outside to inside lung

200

What is the ventilation and perfusion ratio in zone 1 (upper lung)

Alevoli>arterial>venous 


airflow > blood flow (deadspace)

V>Q

200
  • Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years

chronic bronchitis

200
  • Acute infection of the lower respiratory tract typically involving the lung parenchyma

Pneumonia

300
these receptors detect changes when O2 is low

peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies

300

How is oxygen carried in blood (2)? How is Co2 carried in blood (3)?

PaO2 (dissolved O2 in blood)

Hemoglobin concentration (HgB)


bicarbonate

carbaminohemoglobin

dissolved gas

300

what is the ventilation and perfusion ratio in Zone II of lung (middle lobe)

airflow<>blood flow (mixed)

300
  • Genetic alteration, autosomal recessive disorder, defect leads to alterations in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-chloride channel
  • Results in mucus hypersecretion and plugging of airways with repeated infections leading to airway damage and progressive airway obstruction. Can disrupt pancreas and GI tract.

Cystic Fibrosis

300
  • Excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs
  • Impair breathing by collapsing underlying lung and limiting the expansion of the lungs’

pleural effusion

400

define:

hypoxia

hypoxemia

hypercapnia

hypoxia: low levels of oxygen at tissue level

hypoxemia: low amounts of oxygen in the blood

hypercapnia: high amounts of CO2 in the blood

400

What is hypoxic vasoconstriction?

pulmonary arterioles constrict when alveolar PO2 decreases to allow ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) to match. Help to control shunt.

400

What is the ventilation perfusion ratio of the Zone III (lower lung)

arterial>venous>alveoli


Bloodflow>airflow (shunt)

Q> V

400
  • a chronic lung condition characterized by permanent widening and damaging to the airways (bronchi) in the lungs. This damage leads to an accumulation of mucus and recurrent infections.

Bronchiectasis

400
  • Abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity resulting in the collapse of the lung
  • Can be spontaneous, injury to chest, iatrogenic (line placement)
  • Hemothorax: blood
  • Chylothorax: lymph fluid

Pneumothorax

500

Which phenomenon has been disproven that states low levels of oxygen will stimulate inspiratory muscles so that people with low O2 should be withheld from oxygen?

hypoxic drive

500

Obstructive= you can't get air ____

restrictive= you can't get air _____

out, in

500

What is the usual cause of hypoxemia in regards to perfusion and ventilation?

Ventilation and Perfusion matching is necessary for gas exchange to occur.

Mismatch= pulse oximetry values decrease (shunt) 

Q>V

500
  • Chronic airway inflammation and bronchospasm
  • Wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that vary over time and intensity, variable expiratory airflow limitation.

Asthma, Reactive Airways

500

How are obstructive pathologies diagnosed?

Reactive pathologies?

Obstructive: FEV1/FVC<80%

Restrictive: 

  • Decreased tidal volume, vital capacity
  • FEV1/FVC ratio fine