Pleural Space Disease
What are the two most common causes of transudative pleural effusion?
CHF - increased hydrostatic pressure
Cirrhosis with asceites - decreased oncotic pressure
What is Virchow's triad?
Venous stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury
What is the highest risk for fracture-related PE?
Femur and tibia
What are the three typical pathogens that cause community acquired pneumonia?
Which is the most common?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, H.influenza, and M.catarrhalis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the formula for the anion gap?
What are the leading causes of pleural effusion?
What is the clinical triad of ARDs?
What predicts the pretest probability of DVT and PE?
Which atypical bacteria has no appearance on gram stain, because it has no cell wall?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
In terms of high anion gap metabolic acidosis: what causes tinnitus, blurred vision, and vertigo?
Aspirin overdose
What are the two most prominent indications for insertion of a chest tube/drainage?
What is the triad of Legionnaire's disease w/ pneumonia?
What are three CXR findings of embolism?
Hampton's hump (wedge-shaped c/w infarction), Westermark's (oligemia in embolized lung zone), and Knuckle sign (prominent central pulmonary artery)
What is the prominent clinical manifestation for Legionnaire's disease with pneumonia, that is defined as relative bradycardia with fever?
Faget sign
What are the normal ABG values (their ranges and the magic numbers)?
pH = 7.35-7.45 **7.4
pO2 = 90-100mmHg
pCO2 = 38-44mmHg **40
O2 sat = 95-100%
HCO3- = 22-26 mmol/L **24
What are the physical exam findings for a tension pneumothorax?
Hyperresonant on auscultation, decreased tactile remits, decreased breath sounds PLUS JVD
What is the triad for foreign body aspiration?
Cough, decreased breath sounds, and wheezing
What is indicated for a DVT in the lower extremity when you fail anticoagulant therapy?
What is the prominent clinical manifestation of aspiration pneumonia?
Poor dental hygiene, leading to foul-smelling and bad-tasting sputum
What is the mnemonic for CHAMPs - indicated for respiratory alkalosis?
Hypocapnia (low CO2)
Anxiety
Mechanical ventilation
Progesterone/Pulmonary
Salicylates/Sepsis
What is included in Light's criteria?
1) Ratio of pleural fluid to serum protein >0.5
2) Ratio of pleural fluid to serum LDH > 0.6
3) Pleural fluid LDH > two-thirds the upper limit of normal serum LDH
What is the classic triad for EKGs for pulmonary thromboembolism?
S1Q3T3
What is the initial imaging study of choice for stable patients with suspected PE?
Helical or spiral CT scan with IV contrast
The 4 C's of Klebsiella are:
Chronic alcoholism
Currant jelly sputum
Carbapenem
Cavitation/cavitary lesions
What are the 4 sets of numbers that correlate between pulse oximeter measurements and pO2?
50% O2 = 27mmHg pO2
75% O2 sat = 40mmHg pO2 (pO2 of venous blood!)
90% O2 sat = 60mmHg pO2
98% O2 sat = 100mmHg pO2