Reality
This modern issue describes when police disproportionately target or use force against communities of color.
What is racist policing and police brutality?
This form of law enforcement permitted and led the White mob to attack Black communities in their neighborhoods and conventions.
What is the Police Force?
Which country did August Vollmer get the idea to utilize military tactics from to then teach and integrate them into the U.S. military and then use them on the citizens.
What is the Philippines?
In 1971, Nixon declared this issue “America’s public enemy number one.”
When was the War on Drugs?
Throughout history, which group of people have been predominantly exempt from policing disparities?
What is White communities?
Police today receive these kinds of weapons and equipment that were originally designed for another form of law enforcement.
What are military-grade weapons?
These groups traveled through Southern communities, searching for enslaved people who escaped to enforce punishments and prevent revolts.
Who were the Slave Patrols?
Police in the South enforced this law of racial separation and it was applied in schools as well as public transportation, going on to impact daily life and routines.
What were Jim Crow Laws?
This U.S. law convicts a habitual offender to 25 years to life in prison after their third felony, regardless of how nonviolent the crime was.
What was the Three-Strikes Law?
As seen in issues such as slavery, segregation, and mass incarceration, policing persistently evolved to maintain this form of social order and control.
What is Racial Hierarchy?
Black people were approximately 2.2 and Latinx people were 1.1 times more likely to be arrested for these kind of offenses in comparison to white people.
What are low level, non-violent offenses?
These laws restricted the freedom of African Americans by enacting curfews, annual work contracts, and loitering.
What are Black Codes?
It is a movement that claimed society could be improved by controlling the genetic traits of human population. It induced sterilization methods to eliminate undesired traits from the criminals.
What is Eugenics?
When factories and stable jobs disappeared from urban communities, this economic change increased poverty as well as incarceration rates.
What was De-industrialization?
This specific era of policing was described as straightforward about its racist policing while the era of mass incarceration is more discreet about its tactics.
What is the Slavery Era?
Black people in the U.S. are about 3 times more likely to face violence that results in death by police in comparison to white people.
What is racial disparity within the criminal justice system?
This is a system where prisons lead prisoners to private companies and plantations to use them as a labor source.
What is Convict-Leasing?
This is a sociological and political theory stating that a government's brutal tactics, surveillance, technology, and overall control will eventually be used against its own citizens.
What is Imperial Boomerang?
During the 1990s, Hilary Clinton and other politicians utilized this term to describe allegedly violent youth and justify harsher crime policies.
What were “Super Predators”?
The inter-generational racial wealth gap, the unhoused crisis, and the issue of policing all connect and contribute to the increased contact between police and communities of color.
What is the purpose of policing?
This theory explains how racism is embedded into institutions like policing, housing, and the criminal justice system instead of mere individual prejudice.
What is Structural Racism?
This theory argues that racism and economic profit are interconnected and it is often practiced through systems like slavery and exploitation.
What is Racial Capitalism?
When August Vollmer described policing as a “War against the enemy of society,” he created this mentality inside policing culture.
What is the “us versus them” mindset?
De-industrialization caused mass unemployment and in order to cope, factory owners resorted to hiring low-wage immigrants. As a result, the perception surrounding immigrants drastically shifted, to them being viewed by the public as competitors and threats in terms of employment.
How did the targets of mass incarceration switch from drug users to immigrants?
During slavery, slave patrols protected the plantation economy and racial capitalism by controlling enslaved labor. During segregation, policing enforced Jim Crow Laws, Redlining, and racial boundaries through structural racism. In the era of mass incarceration, de-industrialization, the War on Drugs, and “Tough on crime” policies disproportionately targeted Black and Latino communities. Although the systems evolved, policing consistently adapted to maintain racial hierarchy and social control.
How did innovations in modern policing reinforce segregation and racial control?