Not Here for a Long Time
A way to increase the capacity of STM, this concept describes taking smaller units and combining them into larger units (like ringtail monkey, city zoo, jumped wildly,...)
What is chunking?
Research by Cabeza et al. (2004) showed greater activation in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus when participants viewed photos they had taken versus when they viewed photos that others had taken - showing the multidimensional nature of this type of memory.
What is autobiographical memory?
Slameka & Graf (1978) showed this effect - participants who had to come up with the to-be-remembered information showed better recall than if information is simply passively presented to them.
What is the generation effect?
This is the type of consolidation that takes place over minutes or hours.
What is synaptic consolidation?
While flashbulb memories do not significantly differ from everyday memories in the accuracy of the details, it does differ in that flashbulb memories show a lack of decline across time for these two qualities of memory.
What are vividness and belief (confidence)?
This working memory structure makes the interchange between WM & LTM possible.
What is the episodic buffer?
This type of memories are outside of our conscious awareness, and often result without our effort.
What is implicit memory?
This is when the context of encoding and retrieval are matched.
What is encoding specificity?
During the early stages of memory, the hippocampus replays the neural activity of memory, and enables the formation of connections between various cortical areas - a process called this.
What is reactivation?
This explanation for the reminiscence bump involves examining the similarities/differences between the events that have occurred in a person's life and the culturally expected events that are expected to occur at particular times.
What is the cultural life script hypothesis?
This effect supports the notion of the phonological loop, and shows reduced memory when rehearsal is paired with repeating irrelevant words.
What is the articulatory suppression effect?
This is one of the main procedures used in separating structure of memory - participants have to decide if they have a specific memory for learning the information, or if it just seems familiar.
What is the remember/know procedure?
Bower & Winzenz (1970) examined visual imagery using this type of task, where two words are presented together, like boat-tree, and later tested by presenting one of the two words.
What is paired-associate learning?
The best supporting evidence for the standard model of consolidation is probably this characteristic.
What is graded amnesia?
Presenting this to participants in memory research often leads to a misinformation effect.
What is misleading postevent information (MPI)?
Luck & Vogel's more recent research on change detection supports the notion that we can hold about how many items in STM?
What is about 4 (or 4-5) items?
This is the loss of episodic detail for memories of long ago events.
What is semanticization of remote memories?
This is the advantage given to utilizing a number of shorter study sessions over a long period of studying.
What is the spacing effect?
Nader et al.'s (2000) study on injecting rats with anisomycin showed the importance and power of this process.
What is reconsolidation?
This specific example of a source misattribution involves an unconscious plagiarism of others' work.
What is cryptomnesia?
This process is responsible for keeping the information in the phonological store from decaying.
What is the articulatory rehearsal process?
This hypothesis by Schacter & Addis (2007) posits that episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events.
What is the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis?
In Craik & Lockhart's (1972) study on levels of processing, this is the task condition that resulted in what they called the shallowest processing level.
What is the physical features (or capital letters) condition?
Per Sederberg et al. (2011) proposed this - that the context of learning and retrieval is important, and that old contexts can become associated with new memories without changing the context of the new memories (essentially arguing against reconsolidation).
What is the temporal context model (TCM)?
This increase in confidence is due to getting positive feedback about your identification of a criminal suspect.
What is the post-identification feedback effect?