Finding the Words
Someone who is concerned with the psychological study of language is in this field.
What is psycholinguistics?
This is the process of synchronization between conversational partners, creating common ground between them.
What is entrainment?
In this approach to categorization, membership is determined by comparing an object to a typical member, or mental average, of the category.
What is the prototype approach to categorization?
Gestaltists would call the process of changing the representation of a problem this.
What is restructuring?
Creativity often involves this kind of thinking - where multiple solutions are generated.
What is divergent thinking?
This term refers to the meaning of words.
What is lexical semantics?
If you read "Jim likes a girl he works with. He asked the girl he works with out on a date.", your assumption that "He" is Jim is this kind of inference.
What is an anaphoric inference?
According to Rosch (1970s), we have these three different levels of categories in our hierarchical organization of conceptual knowledge.
What are global, basic, and specific (or superordinate, basic, and subordinate) levels?
We often have to overcome this, a preconceived notion of how to solve a problem.
What is a mental set?
Finke (1990) used a task where people built objects from three random shapes and found evidence for these - ideas that precede the creation of a finished creative product.
What are preinventive forms?
This is the perception of individual words in spoken language, even though there are often no pauses between words.
What is speech segmentation?
Sentences with this type of construction (where the same subject is in the main clause and the embedded clause) are typically easier to read.
What is subject-relative construction?
According to Collins & Quillian's (1969) model of semantic networks, priming (making things more easily retrieved from memory) results from this process that occurs between nodes and links.
What is spreading activation?
When we use a solution from a similar problem to guide us in solving another problem, we are using this process.
What is analogical problem solving (or analogical transfer)?
Research points to these two networks working together during creative processes.
What are the DMN & ECN?
A word with multiple meanings, one of which is much more commonly used than the others, is said to have this.
What is biased dominance?
This is when conversational partners end up coordinating their grammatical constructions (saying things in almost identical ways).
What is syntactic coordination?
In a connectionist (or PDP) model, these determine how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit.
What are connection weights?
Newell & Simon (1972) used problems like the Tower of Hanoi to show that involve a number of states. This was the term they used to refer to a way of problem solving where the goal is to reduce the difference between the initial and goal states.
What is means-end analysis?
Kounios et al. (2006) showed differences in brain activity during insight and non-insight problem solving by way of EEGs - showing increased activation in this area for non-insight problems.
What is the occipital lobe?
Rayner & Duffy (1986) showed that people had longer first fixations and gaze durations on words that occurred less often in the English language, providing evidence for this effect.
What is the word frequency effect?
This approach to parsing proposes that semantics, syntax, and other factors operate simultaneously to determine parsing.
What is the constraint-based approach to parsing?
This approach to categorization states that our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with an object.
What is the embodied approach?
This type of research is used to examine how people solve problems in the real world.
What is in vivo problem-solving research?
Taking a break from working on a problem, only to be struck with new ideas about that problem is called this.
What is incubation?