Enlightenment & Atlantic Revolutions
Pre-revolutionary France was divided into three estates; this estate composed of commoners paid all the taxes while paying none went to the nobility and clergy.
What is the Third Estate?
Italian unification (1858–1870) was primarily driven by this political and social ideology.
What is Nationalism
Originating in Great Britain, this critical technological invention powered factories, mills, and transport during the Industrial Revolution.
What is the steam engine?
Early women's rights advocates, including this famous writer of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, based their arguments on John Locke's natural rights.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
The devastating Great Famine in Ireland during the 1840s was triggered by a widespread blight on this vital crop.
What is the potato?
Inspired by John Locke's ideas on natural rights and social contract theory, this 1776 revolution served as a direct model for the French Revolution.
What is the American Revolution?
Before crowning himself emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte built initial political support and popularity through successes in this arena.
What are military victories?
In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith explained that breaking work into specialized individual tasks—known as this—dramatically increases productivity.
What is the division of labor?
According to Marxist theory, all human history is fundamentally driven by conflict between these economic groups.
What are classes (or class struggle)?
The extreme starvation and poverty caused by the Irish Potato Famine forced millions of people to migrate to this continent.
What is North America?
This thinker is known for his theory of the separation of powers.
Who is Baron de Montesquieu?
Italian unification was spearheaded primarily by these two key nationalist and political figures.
Who are Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Mazzini?
While industrial factory work introduced harsh conditions and long hours, it overall led to falling prices, urbanization, and the growth of this social class.
What is the middle class?
Karl Marx argued that true communism could only be achieved through this action taken by the working class.
What is a violent workers' revolution?
Refusing to halt food exports or provide direct relief during the Irish Famine, the British government justified its minimal intervention using this "hands-off" free-market economic policy.
What is laissez-faire (or laissez-faire capitalism)?
To limit monarchical power, Enlightenment philosophers like John Locke promoted this political concept, arguing that government authority rests on an agreement with the governed to protect their natural rights.
What is social contract theory (or the social contract)?
As Napoleon expanded his empire across Europe, his conquests had the lasting historical effect of spreading the core ideals of this conflict.
What is the French Revolution?
Building directly on Adam Smith's principles of specialized labor, Henry Ford later popularized this system to maximize factory efficiency.
What is the assembly line?
Rather than immediately overthrowing governments, The Communist Manifesto historically spurred the growth of these two working-class reform movements.
What are labor unions and labor reform movements?
The Industrial Revolution marked a global structural shift away from agrarian, farm-based economies toward this model.
What is industrial manufacturing?
Promulgated following a successful revolution, this 1805 document permanently abolished slavery, protected property rights, and established full national sovereignty
What is the Haitian Constitution?
Napoleon’s empire suffered a catastrophic collapse due to harsh winters and vast geographic territory when he invaded this country.
What is Russia?
This German philosopher strongly rejected Adam Smith's optimistic view of industrial capitalism, predicting it would lead to worker exploitation.
Who is Karl Marx?
Both American and French women's rights documents were initially written to protest women's complete exclusion from these.
What are revolutionary / natural rights?
The transition to factory work caused this rapid demographic shift as millions moved from rural areas into industrial cities.
What is urbanization?