Civil War & Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln’s primary goal at the very start of the Civil War in 1861.
What is to preserve the Union?
This revolutionary method allowed for the mass production of cheap, high-quality steel.
What is the Bessemer Process?
This labor leader founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and focused on "bread and butter" unionism.
Who is Samuel Gompers?
The name for the overcrowded, poorly ventilated, and unsanitary apartment buildings where many immigrants lived.
What are tenements?
She was the pioneer of the Settlement House movement and founder of Chicago’s Hull House
Who is Jane Addams?
This 1863 executive order shifted the purpose of the war from "Union" to "Freedom."
What is the Emancipation Proclamation?
Andrew Carnegie used this strategy, where a company controls every stage of production from raw materials to transport.
What is Vertical Integration?
This 1886 Chicago event turned violent and led to a decline in the popularity of the Knights of Labor.
What is the Haymarket Affair (or Haymarket Riot)?
This term describes the anti-immigrant sentiment and fear of "foreign" influence common in the Gilded Age.
What is Nativism?
This 1862 law offered 160 acres of free land to any citizen who would move west and "improve" the land for five years.
What is the Homestead Act?
These three Constitutional Amendments are collectively known as the "Reconstruction Amendments."
What are the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments?
John D. Rockefeller’s strategy of buying out or merging with all competing companies in the same industry.
What is Horizontal Integration?
Unlike the AFL, this earlier union was inclusive of women, African Americans, and unskilled workers.
Who are the Knights of Labor?
This 1882 law was the first in U.S. history to ban a specific nationality from entering the country.
What is the Chinese Exclusion Act?
This religious movement argued that Christians had a duty to help the urban poor and fix social injustices.
What is the Social Gospel?
This 1896 Supreme Court decision legalized segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.
What is Plessy v. Ferguson?
This economic philosophy applied the theory of "survival of the fittest" to human society and big business.
What is Social Darwinism?
This 1894 strike was crushed after the federal government claimed it interfered with the delivery of the U.S. Mail.
What is the Pullman Strike?
This phrase describes "New Immigrants" (1880–1920), who primarily came from these two regions of Europe.
What are Southern and Eastern Europe?
The name given to African Americans who migrated to Kansas after Reconstruction to escape the "New South."
Who are the Exodusters?
This political deal resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction.
What is the Compromise of 1877?
Andrew Carnegie’s essay arguing that the wealthy have a moral obligation to use their money for the public good.
What is The Gospel of Wealth?
Henry Clay Frick hired this private detective agency to break the 1892 Homestead Strike at Carnegie’s steel plant.
Who are the Pinkertons?
Corrupt local organizations, like Tammany Hall, that provided jobs to immigrants in exchange for political votes.
What are Political Machines?
Frederick Jackson Turner’s famous thesis argued that this "safety valve" shaped the American character and democracy.
What is the Frontier?