Homeostasis 1
The two types of feedback are....
Positive and negative
Motor, sensory and interneurons
Endotherms are
Mammals - maintain internal body temperature
Herd immunity means
a large portion of the population becomes vaccinated against a pathogen.
________ is a devastating human disease caused by protists from the Plasmodium genus
Malaria - Vector-borne
Mechanoreceptors respond to
Touch, pressure, vibration
Receptors on outside of hormones is decreasing over time
3 steps of signal transduction
1. Reception
2. Transduction
3. Cellular response
List 6 types of pathogens?
Prions, Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protists, Parasites
list 3 ways of disease transmission
direct contact, contact with bodily fluid, contaminated food and water, vectors
If my body temperature increases, what will my body do to correct this....
Blood vessels vasodilate / warm, red skin / sweat / trying to expel heat and decrease temperature.
Whats an action potential?
Nerve impulse being transmitted across the axon
How many teeth does an adult human have?
32
Any substance that triggers an immune response is called an
Antigen
Plants have physical barriers that prevent pathogens from attacking living cells including (list 2)
Cell walls, Thick waxy cuticles, Thick layers of bark, The ability to close stomata, Vertical positioning of leaves, Hairs and thorns
What example feedback and scenario will oxytocin continue to be released?
Positive feedback + Pregnancy
What are the 4 processes that help endotherms maintain internal body temperature
Structural, behavioural, physiological, homeostatic
Role of phagocytes...
capable of phagocytosis (engulfing bacteria, foreign particles etc.)
list 4 ways to control spread of disease
Quarantine, contact tracing, temp screening, travel restrictions, lockdowns, closures
Skin, mucous membranes and cilia are all part of the
first line of defense
What an example of a structural feature that animals have to maintain osmoregulation?
E.g., Waterproof or impermeable outer layer - reptile scales, hair of mammals and feather of birds contain keratin, preventing water loss
or Kidneys
Explain what depolarisation means?
When a nerve is stimulated and the stimulus reaches the threshold it triggers the axon membrane to open Na+ channels which allows Na+ to move inside. (depolarisation occurs)
Does not require previous exposure to a pathogen, Antibodies cause immune response, Immune response begins as soon as the antibodies enter the body, Does not last long
Passive immunity
difference between B and T cells
B-cells produce antibodies that fight off infection.
T-cells recognize and kill cells infected with a virus which can stop the infection from spreading.
Whats the innate immune response?
First and second line of defence (non-specific defences)